Effect of fragmentation and low density on gene flow and genetic diversity on two conifer species, Pinus gerardiana in Gardiz, Afghanistan, and Taxus baccata in Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2024-11-29
Date of issue:2025-04-14
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Oliver Gailing
Referee:Prof. Dr. Oliver Gailing
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner
Sponsor:DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst)
Sponsor:Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald
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Abstract
English
This thesis investigates the genetic diversity, structure, and conservation needs of two coniferous species: Pinus gerardiana and Taxus baccata. Using advanced genetic markers, EST-SSRs and cpSSRs, the study reveals critical insights into their genetic health and demographic trends, informing conservation strategies to ensure their long-term survival. The first study investigates the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) in Gardiz, Afghanistan, using eight EST-SSR markers. Chilgoza pine is vital for local ecosystems and economies but faces threats from exploitation and habitat loss. By applying EST-SSR markers initially developed for a sister species, Pinus bungeana, the study found moderate genetic diversity in Chilgoza pine, with no significant differences between young and old trees or among subpopulations. Genetic analysis revealed no distinct clustering by age or location. The fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) indicated a significant family structure in young trees but not in older ones. This suggests that younger trees exhibit more localized genetic relationships, possibly due to reduced seed dispersal and increased spatial clustering. However, overall SGS was relatively low, consistent with other pine species. Tests for population bottlenecks suggested a past decline in population size, but current genetic diversity remains moderate. The study highlights the need for conservation efforts to protect Chilgoza pine's genetic resources amid ongoing threats. The second study focuses on assessing genetic diversity in Chilgoza pine using novel chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs). Chilgoza pine has previously lacked comprehensive genetic research. We developed 27 cpSSR markers from the chloroplast genome of Chilgoza pine to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure, and pollen dispersal within a population from Gardiz, Afghanistan. We collected needle samples from 199 trees across four subpopulations and two age cohorts (young and old). The study identified six polymorphic cpSSR markers out of the 27 designed. Haplotype analysis revealed 32 unique haplotypes, with haplotype 16 being the most common. The genetic diversity analysis showed high levels of diversity with no significant genetic differentiation between young and old cohorts. STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) indicated high gene flow and genetic homogeneity, likely due to wind-pollination and bird-mediated seed dispersal. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) analysis revealed a significant, albeit weak, family structure and relatedness in young cohorts, suggesting localized dispersal and distance-dependent gene flow. The findings highlight the effectiveness of cpSSRs in characterizing genetic diversity and structure, which is crucial for the conservation and sustainable management of Chilgoza pine forests. These insights are valuable for developing conservation strategies and emphasize the importance of genetic marker studies in preserving biodiversity and supporting local livelihoods. The study on Taxus baccata in Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany, assessed genetic diversity and conservation needs. Using 13 EST-SSRs, the research found high genetic diversity and no significant inbreeding in both male and female trees. There was low natural regeneration, with few young trees and low DBH (diameter at breast height) individuals, recent conservation efforts like selective cutting and fencing promoted natural regeneration. Genetic analysis revealed minimal differentiation between age groups and management zones. Seedlings showed strong family structure and reduced effective population size (Ne) compared to adults, suggesting limited gene flow and potential genetic drift. Bottleneck analyses indicated historical reductions in population size. The study highlights the need for ongoing conservation measures, including promoting natural regeneration and protecting seedlings and natural regeneration by fences, to maintain genetic diversity and support the Yew population’s long-term survival.
Keywords: Pinus gerardiana; Fine-scale spatial genetic structure; Genetic diversity; cpSSRs; Pollen dispersal; Taxus baccata; conservation