Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics under Land Use Transformation in Jambi, Indonesia
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-02-21
Date of issue:2025-04-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Alexander Knohl
Referee:Prof.Dr. Yuanchao Asst.Fan
Referee:Prof. Dr. Edzo Veldkamp
Sponsor:Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP)
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Abstract
English
Tropical forests in Indonesia are rapidly being converted into agricultural systems, particularly oil palm and rubber plantations. These transformations significantly alter carbon dynamics, leading to substantial losses in terrestrial carbon storage and increased CO2 emissions. Climate change further exacerbates these effects by altering temperature and precipitation patterns and by triggering more frequent extreme weather events. Despite their profound implications on terrestrial carbon cycle, the long-term effects of these combined drivers remain poorly understood. Therefore, I utilized the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) to simulate their long-term impacts on carbon stocks and fluxes in Jambi, Indonesia. This simulation includes scenarios of multiple rotations of oil palm and rubber, reforestation, and climate change. Before employing the model to predict long-term impacts, I first calibrated the tropical forest plant functional type (PFT) parameterization within CLM5 to better simulate carbon dynamics in the study site, Jambi. Calibration of key model parameters associated with carbon dynamics in vegetation was conducted. Parameters related to maintenance respiration rates and carbon allocation were identified as the most critical for improving model performance. This calibration reduced errors in net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass predictions in the Jambi forest. Additionally, the calibrated model demonstrated improved performance across independent sites in Southeast Asian. Using the calibrated model, I explored the long-term impacts of converting forests into oil palm and rubber plantations, including multiple rotation cycles and recovery times when converted back to forests. Results reveal that forest-to-oil palm conversion reduces total carbon stocks by 59%, while forest-to-rubber conversion results in a 49% loss. Subsequent rotation cycles exacerbate carbon depletion, with rubber and oil palm plantations losing 12%, 1% more of carbon during the second cycle, respectively. Reforestation following plantation use offers potential for carbon recovery, with soil organic carbon (SOC) reaching pre-conversion levels after 69–93 years, depending on previous land-use types and rotation cycles. Additionally, I examined carbon dynamics under a high-emission climate scenario (RCP8.5). Results indicate that carbon stocks and productivity are projected to be significantly reduced in the forest and oil palm under the RCP8.5 scenario. Oil palm plantations would decreases in carbon stocks and fluxes, with reductions of up to 30%, 20%, and 60% in biomass carbon (C), soil organic carbon (SOC), and net primary productivity (NPP), respectively. Forests exhibit reduced NPP and near-zero net ecosystem exchange (NEE), suggesting diminished carbon sequestration potential. Rubber plantations show a mixed response, with a slight decrease in biomass carbon but an increase in SOC. Furthermore, land-use change alone significantly decreases carbon storage, but combined with climate change, these impacts are amplified. When reforested, recovery rates are faster under RCP8.5 than the present climate due to increased litterfall and accelerated carbon cycling. This research presents an improved representation of forest plant functional types (PFT) within the CLM5 model, which can be utilized to simulate carbon stocks and fluxes in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it provides valuable long-term insights into the impacts of converting forests into oil palm and rubber plantations and the resilience of these land uses to climate change.
Keywords: Terrestrial carbon dynamics; Climate change; Community Land Model (CLM5); land-use change; oil palm; rubber plantation