Operando and Ultrafast Electron Microscopy of Structural Phase Transformations
by Till Domröse
Date of Examination:2024-12-17
Date of issue:2025-05-05
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Mathias
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Elsässer
Files in this item
Name:Dissertation_Domroese.pdf
Size:33.2Mb
Format:PDF
Description:Thesis
Abstract
English
Structural phase transformations promise tailored functionality in future technological devices that complement already established applications. In leveraging the associated changes of macroscopic properties, reversible, fast, and controlled switching is of particular interest. The associated atomic changes can be resolved in-situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additional and often remarkably different behavior, however, is found out of equilibrium, whereas experimental access to such ultrafast dynamics in heterogeneous systems remains challenging. This cumulative thesis explores atomic-scale structural transitions with femtosecond temporal resolution and in the presence of nanoscale spatial heterogeneity. The key accomplishments are presented in four publications that combine methodological advances in TEM and nanobeam ultrafast electron diffraction with characterizations of charge-density-wave (CDW) materials both in and out of equilibrium. In the first publication, steady-state nanoimaging of a CDW transition in 1T-TaS2 unveils a pronounced influence of the material's microstructure on the electrically induced phase nucleation and growth. The second publication lays the methodological foundation for ultrafast measurements with high resolution and sensitivity. Optimized thermal dissipation in laser-excited thin films enables reversible driving of transitions at unprecedented repetition rates of up to 2 MHz. This gain in coherent electron probe current and the formation of nanometric electron pulses allows for identifying a femtosecond, cooperative transition mechanism in 1T'-TaTe2, presented in the third publication. In contrast, the fourth publication reports on optically-induced CDW formation in 1T-TaS2 that involves a high degree of transitional disorder and a dimensional crossover. Introducing tilt-series ultrafast electron diffraction, a tomographic reconstruction resolves the build-up of interlayer correlations on picosecond time scales. The accompanying establishment of long-range order within the material layers parallels the phenomenology of two-dimensional melting, bringing about a light-induced hexatic state. In the future, the methodological advances presented here will facilitate the transfer of established TEM and diffraction measurement schemes to the ultrafast time domain, investigating atomic-scale dynamics in a large range of materials and nanostructures.
Keywords: Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy; UTEM; Ultrafast Electron Diffraction; UED; nano-UED; Structural Phase Transformations; Charge Density Waves; Layered Materials; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Structural Dynamics; High-coherence electron diffraction; Transition Metal Dichalcogenides; TMDC; Operando Electron Microscopy; 1T-TaS2; Nanosecond Cooling; 1T'-TaTe2; Light-induced Dynamics; Nanoimaging; 2D-Materials; Nanoscale Heterogeneity; Topological Defects