Responses of bird and moth communities to forest disturbance and associated management in Central European forests
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-04-29
Date of issue:2025-05-20
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Johannes Kamp
Referee:Prof. Dr. Johannes Kamp
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Schuldt
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Description:Dissertation
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Abstract
English
Forest disturbances – such as windthrow, bark beetle and wildfire – play a key role in shaping forest ecosystems by altering forest structure, ecosystem processes and biodiversity. Central European forests are currently undergoing fundamental changes due to legacies of past forest management and climate change-induced increases in forest disturbances, leading to a shift in forest demographic structures and changing habitat conditions for forest-dwelling species. Increasing forest disturbance is leading to higher availability of light and open forest stages, potentially increasing landscape-level successional heterogeneity. However, the effects of natural disturbances on forest habitats depend on the pre-disturbance conditions and the post-disturbance management. Post-disturbance management is typically characterised by intensive salvage logging in commercially used forests, while non-intervention management remains rare and mostly limited to highly protected areas. In addition, grazing and browsing by wild ungulates delay succession and alter vegetation composition and structure. Responses of forest-dwelling species to disturbance and management vary between taxa, are often characterised by species-specific effects and are – particularly for birds and moths in highly disturbed forests – still poorly understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need to disentangle the effects of forest disturbance and associated management to define suitable management strategies for species and biodiversity conservation in forests. Consequently, the overall aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the effects of forest disturbance and associated management on bird and moth communities – as suitable biodiversity indicator groups – in Central European forests. More specifically, the main objectives of this thesis are i) to provide an overview of the effects of forest disturbances on the long-term diversity and abundance trends of common forest breeding birds in Germany as a basis for guiding and facilitating the prioritisation of species conservation in disturbance-rich forests, ii) to compare the disturbance effects on bird species between national and regional scale, iii) to analyse the effects of post-disturbance habitat characteristics and secondary forest succession on bird and moth communities and iv) to identify suitable forest management for species and diversity conservation. Long-term trends of common breeding birds showed species-specific responses to canopy gaps of different successional stages created by forest disturbance, highlighting the importance of successional diverse post-disturbance habitats for bird species communities. Connecting long-term monitoring data from the German common breeding bird monitoring survey (GCBBS) for the years 2005–2019 with a remote sensing-based map of forest disturbances (chapter 2), I was able to show that disturbance effects on trends are highly species-specific suggesting community reorganization rather than a simple species gain or loss due to disturbance. The successional age of a canopy gap created by disturbance was essential, with some species (e.g. Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis and Woodlark Lullula arborea) only benefitting from young canopy gaps (up to four years after disturbance) and others (e.g. Garden Warbler Sylvia borin and Dunnock Prunella modularis) only benefitting from older canopy gaps (five to ten years after disturbance). The responses of species-specific trends to forest disturbance depended on the species' ability to use canopy gaps and early successional forest stages. This suggests that forest breeding bird population trends are altered by disturbance-induced canopy gaps and offers insights for prioritising species conservation in forests with increasing climate change-induced forest disturbances. I conclude that the current increase in forest disturbance in Germany facilitates forest dynamics and offers great potential to restore forests to a more natural state, including their bird communities. In the Harz Mountains – a regional hotspot of natural forest disturbance in Germany – bird diversity benefitted from disturbance and community structure was shaped by pre- and post-disturbance management. To investigate how pre-disturbance beech underplanting and post-disturbance salvage logging influence individual bird species, community structure and diversity in the Harz Mountains, I analysed data from a one-year bird survey of 182 sampling sites (chapter 3). Bird diversity increased due to disturbance in contrast to undisturbed spruce plantation, with no significant effect of either pre- or post-disturbance management. Species turnover characterised by species-specific effects led to a differentiation of community compositions dependent on pre-disturbance underplanting and post-disturbance salvage logging. Along the successional gradient of up to 15 years after disturbance, predicted densities showed a species-specific variable course. Distinct indicator species were associated with specific management practices. Pre-disturbance underplanting provided an existing shrub layer immediately after disturbance, benefitting shrub-associated species (e.g. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita and Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus). Sites without salvage logging (non-intervention) supported species dependent on structurally complex habitats and vertical structures (e.g. Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major, Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes and Eurasian Treecreeper Certhia familiaris). Salvage logging increased the number of open-habitat and farmland species, suggesting that these sites can act as temporary suitable habitats for non-forest species (e.g. Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella). Conifer-dependent species densities (e.g. Goldcrest Regulus regulus and Coal Tit Periparus ater) decreased due to disturbance. As no specific management practice benefitted overall diversity or the majority of species, I conclude that a mosaic of different management approaches increases landscape-scale bird diversity through the diversification of habitats. As non-intervention remains rare and largely limited to protected areas, I recommend its expansion to ensure a balanced availability of different management strategies that maximises landscape-scale bird diversity. Forest habitat conditions altered by natural forest disturbance, post-disturbance salvage logging and wild ungulates shaped community structure and taxonomic and functional diversity patterns of macro-moth communities. Analysing nocturnal macro-moth data of two years, collected with non-lethal light traps in naturally disturbed forests with and without salvage logging and in mature spruce plantations in the Harz Mountains, I demonstrated that taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as the number and abundance of red-listed species, increase with disturbance (chapter 4). Post-disturbance management differentiated community composition, which also changed as secondary forest succession progressed, but was still unique between management treatments 12 to 15 years after disturbance. The overall species turnover was driven by losses of closed forest species and gains of species from open forest stages and non-forest habitats. High densities of wild ungulates reinforced the positive effects of disturbance and heterogeneity of stand structure, vegetation and landscape structure on taxonomic and functional diversity, possibly through further diversification of the herb layer in disturbed habitats. As already shown for birds, a balanced availability of different post-disturbance management in different successional stages can maximise overall diversity. I recommend promoting underrepresented (non-intervention) management approaches, as they support unique species communities distinct from those in salvage-logged areas. In addition, while allowing high densities of wild ungulates can be beneficial for macro-moth communities, it should be carefully balanced with successional delays to maximise its positive impact in disturbed forests. Forest disturbance fundamentally affected forest habitat conditions and shaped bird and moth communities in Central European forests. In my thesis, I provide information on the effect of disturbance on long-term bird species trends, which can serve as a basis for guiding and facilitating priority-setting in species conservation in increasingly disturbed forests. The comparison of disturbance effects on birds between the national and the regional level suggests data- and disturbance-related reasons for the dissimilarities (chapter 5). The results of the regional studies can be used to identify suitable pre- and post-disturbance management for moth and bird species of interest or conservation concern. I conclude that clear objectives for species prioritisation in highly disturbed forests need to be established to guide respective management decisions. Key considerations include whether i) unique species communities of not salvage-logged sites should be prioritised through non-intervention, ii) salvage logging is a legitimate approach to create suitable habitat for open-habitat and farmland species, iii) a balanced availability of different management strategies should be aimed to support variable species communities and maximise diversity at the landscape level and iv) high densities of wild ungulates are compatible with forest regeneration, allowing for their potential beneficial effects on disturbed forest ecosystems. Finally, I suggest further research directions and identify knowledge gaps.
Keywords: Forest disturbance; Birds; Moths; Canopy gaps; Biodiversity monitoring; Population trends; Forest succession; Bark beetle outbreaks; Community distance sampling; Salvage logging; Underplanting; Heterogeneity; Non-lethal light trapping; Wild ungulates