Effects of environmental change on grassland birds in the Central-Asian flyway through the annual cycle
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-04-07
Date of issue:2025-05-20
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Johannes Kamp
Referee:Prof. Dr. Tobias Kuemmerle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matthias Waltert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Catrin Westphal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Scheu
Referee:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
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Abstract
English
Land use change is a significant driver of biodiversity loss, but its impacts have been largely studied with a particular focus on temperate regions and forest ecosystems. In this thesis, I used bird abundance, occurrence, and species richness as indicators of biodiversity response to land use land cover change on globally relevant scales. Specifically, I disentangled the effects of environmental change in grasslands and open ecosystems on regional and migratory birds moving in the Central-Asian flyway through the annual cycle. All three critical areas for migratory grassland birds in the Central Asian Flyway – breeding grounds, stopover sites, and wintering grounds – have experienced considerable changes in land use over the last three decades. The three chapters (II, III and IV), addressed these changes and their impacts on bird biodiversity through the annual cycle. The second chapter of this thesis focused on breeding grounds in the Kazakh steppe. Widespread abandonment of cropland and livestock in Kazakhstan following the dissolution of the Soviet Union established fire as the dominant disturbance by the mid-90s. Between 2001 – 2009, the Kazakh steppe accounted for majority of the annual burning in Central Asia. For a region with a long legacy of nomadic pastoralism that evolved over 5000 years ago, the change in disturbance regime from grazer to fire control, and resulting impacts on biodiversity in the steppe are poorly explored. Similarly, the third chapter of the thesis analyzed species – habitat associations in the wintering grounds of western India that largely comprise natural and semi-natural savannas and other open ecosystems. Officially classified as ‘wastelands’, majority of the savannas on the Indian subcontinent are regularly earmarked for agricultural, infrastructural developments and afforestation. In western India, savannas largely exist as agriculture-savanna mosaics due to the fragmentation resulting from this land use change. Continued decline in migratory bird populations in India over the past two decades is often attributed to this habitat fragmentation but few empirical studies exist showing specific land use change drivers of this decline. Lastly, chapter four accounted for biodiversity response through the annual cycle by using combination of bird abundance records and multi-year, satellite and GPS tracking data for a model species – Social lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) occurrence. Using satellite based land cover indicators which were spatio-temporally matched with the date and location of bird occurrence, the fourth chapter predicted year-round habitat suitability for the model species. The results of the second chapter revealed a significant decline in overall bird biodiversity on the breeding grounds following an increase in fire disturbance with legacy effects of fire detectable after at least eight years. The results of the third chapter indicated a higher richness and abundance (and therefore better adaptability) of resident species in heterogeneous agriculture-savanna mosaics, but a negative impact on Palearctic migratory species underscoring their preference for compositionally simpler landscapes during the winter season, analogous to steppe grasslands. Results also showed a higher overall bird abundance in landscapes with a higher proportion of annual crops cultivated in rotation, while field size (configurational complexity) indicated no significant effects during the winter bird assemblage. The results of the fourth chapter, based on multi-temporal models suggested an overall increase in year-round suitable habitat for the Sociable lapwing over the past three decades in the Central-Asian flyway with species showing a high preference for agricultural landscapes through the annual cycle. The results from chapters II-IV offer three key insights for biodiversity conservation. First, they show that legacies of land use change can also drive biodiversity response, thus should be considered in status assessments. Second, agricultural land use can be a significant driver of bird biodiversity but its impact is highly dependent on the regional agricultural composition and is not always negative. Third, ‘big data’ from satellite remote sensing of the environment or species occurrence can address complex species – environment associations through a dynamic, multi-temporal modeling approach. The interdisciplinary manner of this work contributes to the fields of bird ecology, biogeography – in particular our understanding of land use land cover change, and applications of satellite remote sensing for biodiversity conservation. The ecological insights from the thesis provide a framework for policymakers to plan collaborative efforts for the conservation of migratory birds on a global scale, while remote sensing and computational methods provide necessary tools to identify and quantify environmental and land use change drivers that influence species distributions.
Keywords: Fire disturbance, grasslands, grazing intensity, farmland abandonment, MODIS burned-area product, livestock, pyric herbivory, Agriculture-savanna mosaics, annual crops, crop diversity, field size, integrated normalized difference vegetation index, land cover composition and configuration, Palearctic migratory birds, remote-sensing, savanna grasslands, semi-perennial crops, Central-Asian flyway, annual cycle, Sociable lapwing, year-round habitat suitability, agricultural land cover, multi-temporal models, Tasseled Cap Analysis