Connecting the Dots: Dust Particle Tracking at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2024-07-03
Date of issue:2025-05-21
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Jessica Agarwal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Dreizler
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jessica Agarwal
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Abstract
English
Comets and their characteristic plasma and dust tails have been intriguing people for millennia. Early theories about their nature were for example already developed by the ancient Chinese and Greek, but it was not until the late 1500s that we started to understand that comets were small bodies in our Solar System. It then took another few hundred years to reliably predict their complex orbital motion, and only in the 1950s did we begin to develop plausible theories about their origin and makeup. In 1986, a spacecraft visited a comet for the first time and confirmed that comets indeed have solid nuclei and are not just a cloud of ice and dust. Finally in 2014, the Rosetta mission arrived at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and continued to accompany it for over two years—an unprecedented feat. The mission yielded an equally unprecedented wealth of information, which revolutionized our understanding of comets. And yet the exact mechanism by which comets eject their solid surface material is still not fully understood. Solving this “activity paradox” is currently one of the main challenges in cometary science. One way to learn more about the ejection process is by studying the dynamics of the ejected material. Consequently, the scientific camera system on board the Rosetta spacecraft recorded several image sequences of 67P's near-nucleus coma. Tracking these dust particles is however highly non-trivial due to sparse data, complex particle motions, fluctuating camera pointing, a high particle density, and other factors. In the scope of this work, I therefore developed a novel tracking algorithm specifically optimized for Rosetta data and used it to track thousands of individual dust particles through several image sequences. Focusing on the four most suitable image sequences, I then continued to trace hundreds of decimeter-sized “particles” back to the nucleus surface and determined their potential source regions, size distributions, and dynamics. The results, which were additionally corroborated by extensive dust coma modeling, reveal that the observed activity cannot be explained by heightened solar radiation alone. Instead, the local surface structure and composition likely play important roles. Most notably, we found that the particles likely gained most of their speed already during their ejection events, which hints at a more “explosive” mechanism. Due to this discovery, we may therefore be one step closer to solving the activity paradox.
Keywords: comets; particle tracking; comet 67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko; astrophysics; comet activity; coma particles; zodiacal dust; dust particles; particle dynamics; comet physics