Asymmetric conjunction at the syntax-pragmatics interface
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-04-25
Date of issue:2025-06-12
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Markus Steinbach
Referee:Prof. Dr. Markus Steinbach
Referee:Prof. Dr. Marco Coniglio
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ingo Reich
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Abstract
English
Sentence coordinators in natural language such as and can be asymmetric as the order of the conjoined clauses may influence the interpretation of the coordinated sentence. Unlike the symmetric logical operator of conjunction, sentences coordinated by the conjunctive connective and can also convey extra meaning aspects including temporal succession and causal connectedness. Asymmetric conjunction is found in languages like English, German and French due to the availability of a semantically underspecified sentence coordinator like and which only has a minimal semantics of logical conjunction. By contrast, there is no such a semantically neutral sentence coordinator but a connective with an additive semantics in languages like Malayalam and Chinese. Only sentences that are coordinated by an underspecified connective will be enriched with extra meaning aspects. As asymmetric conjunction reveals the discrepancy between the conjunctive operator in formal logics and the conjunctive sentence coordinator in natural language, various theoretical accounts have emerged to address this phenomenon at the semantics-pragmatics interface. The pragmatic accounts follow the basic assumptions of Gricean pragmatics and assume that the conjunctive coordinator has the same semantics as the logical operator of conjunction, while all other extra meaning aspects should be attributed to pragmatic mechanisms. The semantic accounts argue against the equating of the natural linguistic connective and the logical operator, and suggest that the sentence coordinator has a richer semantics which assigns a temporal ordering based on the structure of a coordinated sentence, or restricts the discourse relation between the coordinated clauses. After investigating the formal aspects of coordinated sentences, including SLF coordination and TP coordination, it can be shown that there is no exact correspondence between a certain syntactic structure and asymmetric conjunction. SLF coordination is a special asymmetric coordinate structure which features a subject gap in the non-initial conjunct and is attested in German and some other languages. It is interpreted in the same way as phrasal coordination with a shared subject at the sentence initial position. TP coordination does not guarantee asymmetric conjunction either, but it contrasts with coordination of embedded CPs since repeating an overt complementiser can make a disjoint reading more favourable. This preference in interpretation can be better explained within a pragmatic account. An empirical study was conducted in order to examine the role of semantics and pragmatics in the derivation of asymmetric conjunction. Coordinated sentences with forward and backward relations were compared using an acceptability judgement task. The results show that sentence coordinators do not restrict or block certain semantic relations, even those considered incompatible under the semantic accounts. Instead, the results support pragmatic accounts, which propose that the semantics of sentence coordinators is minimal. Although the sentence coordinator itself does not have a rich inherent semantics that blocks or enforces specific discourse relations between the conjuncts, it influences the interpretation of coordinated sentences by altering the degree of syntactic integration. For instance, coordination of smaller conjuncts exhibits a higher degree of syntactic integration, and overt coordination is more integrated than parataxis. As a result, coordinate structures with smaller conjuncts are more frequently interpreted as describing sequences of closely related events, whereas coordination of larger conjuncts or parataxis tends to suggest a looser connection between the events, allowing for a broader range of interpretations. Most importantly, these are gradual tendencies rather than rigid constraints. This pattern aligns with other linguistic phenomena, such as the interpretation of embedded V2 clauses in German. This study supports the view that syntax influences meaning not only at the semantic level but also at the pragmatic level. Investigating the syntax-pragmatics interface can provide new insights into the intricate relationship between form and meaning in natural language.
Keywords: asymmetric conjunction; syntax-pragmatics interface; experimental pragmatics; coordinate structure