Biogeography of oribatid mites (Acari)
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-04-28
Date of issue:2025-06-27
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Mark Maraun
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christoph Bleidorn
Referee:Prof. Dr. Tobias Pfingstl
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Description:PhD Thesis
Abstract
English
Soil is a complex micro-landscape that provides a multitude of unique habitats supporting soil-dwelling life-forms. Though, over the past decades, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of soil biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions, however, soil biodiversity is still a “mysterious black box” waitting for ecologist to find the key to open it. As a consequence, information on and understanding of soil biodiversity and also soil animal biogeography is still lagging behind compared to that of other groups of organisms. Modern biogeography links and integrates fields such as systematics, ecology, evolution, geology, paleontology and climatology, being fundamental to the studies of biodiversity and distribution, and therefore being key to understanding soil biodiversity. Therefore, in this dissertation, I used the integrated biogeographical method using soil-living oribatid mites as representive soil organisms to open this box and unveil how those tiny inhabitants live and co-occur in the soil system. The Indo-Australian (=Malayan) Archipelago region is Alfred Russel Wallace’s Muse, and it has been regarded as the birthplace of modern biogeography. In Chapter 2, we investigated the diversity and dissimility pattern of oribatid mite assemblages in this biodiversity hotspot region, and found that oribatid mite species diversity and endemism is high in the eleven regions, i.e., Australia, Bali, Borneo, Indo-China Peninsula, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sulawesi and Sumatra. Dissimility patterns suggest biogeographical regionalization with the eleven regions arranged into three main groups with New Guinea being a transition zone between east Southeast Asia and Australia and the eight western regions. This separation is similar to the well-known Wallace’s line and it separates oribatid mites from the Sunda shield and the Sahul shield. We further found that species turnover comprised the main component of the dissimility pattern and was generally correlated with geological distance highlighting the key role of vicariance for oribatid mite occurrence patterns. In Chapters 3, we examined the global pattern and potential mechanisms driving the endemism and overlap of soil oribatid mites. Using a global oribatid mite inventory we found that most “endemic” species and also genera occur in Eurasia indicating that this region was the centre of radiation of oribatid mites. Notably, we further found a different species composition between Europe and Palearctic Asia within Eurasia. However, oribatid mite diversity at family level did not differ among the five biogeographic regions indicating that oribatid mites are much older than the existence of Pangaea supporting the view of their origin in the early Palaeozoic. Moreover, nearly 50 % of the 55 cosmopolitan species reproduce by thelytoky and colonize high latitude ecosystems, which points to parthenogenetic species possessing a cosmopolitain general-purpose genotype. Building on the overaching background and results from above, we specifically designed a mountain study within Eurasia—the Alps in Europe and Changbai Mountain in Palearctic Asia—to further understand the interplay of historical geological settings, current environmental factors as well as species traits in structuring the distribution of soil oribatid mites (Chapters 4, 5 and 6). Despite the Alps and Changbai Mountain are at similar latitude, we observed different patterns of diversity, community structure and reproductive mode of soil oribatid mites along altitudinal gradients at those two mountain ranges (Chapter 4). The findings point to the predominant importance of the larger temperature fluctuations and more severe frost conditions on Changbai Mountain compared with the Alps. Additionally, parthenogenesis dominated in species overlapping between the two mountains suggesting that parthenogenetic taxa tend to have broader distribution ranges than sexual taxa. In Chapter 5, we used the trophic niche concept to reveal the mechanism responsible for oribatid mite species diversity and their coexistence in different montane soil habitats. We found pronounced differences in the use of basal resources and trophic positions as indicated by 13C and 15N values, respectively. The correlation between litter pH and C/N ratio with isotopic metrics indicated that trophic niche differentiation between the two mountains was mainly due to different parent rock with calcareous soils in the Alps and basalt bedrock on Changbai Mountain, as the CaCO3 in the Alps favors a large number of species with mineralized cuticles. We further found that all these variations were related to differences in functional traits such as body mass and reproductive mode Finally, in Chapter 6, by building a chronogram of oribatid mite species from the Eurasian continent, we reconstructed the historical development of the oribatida lineages at the two mountain ranges and uncovered the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms using a trait-based concept. In general, we found that soil oribatid mites on Changbai Mountain are phylogenetically older than species in the Alps. Notably, most of the species occurring on Changbai Mountain possess broader trophic variation, have larger geographical range sizes and more often reproduce via parthenogenesis compared to species from the Alps. As all species on Changbai Mountain evolved long before the uplift of the mountain range, we suggest that the more generalistic traits of phylogenetically older lineages promoted their survival and evolution during mountain uplift or the colonization of the mountain thereafter. Overall, this dissertation provides a holistic understanding of soil animal biogeography, from individuals to community, from external morphology to internal physiology, from classicical taxonomy to modern phylogeny, from geological history to present environment, from mountains to islands, and from local to global scale. Remarkably, all these aspects are not independent, and each study from this dissertation collectively highlights the synthesized concept and integrates methods when answering soil biodiversity associated questions.
Keywords: Biogeography, Oribatid mites, Community and Beta Diversity, Trophic Niche, Phylogeny, Mountains, Islands, Globe
