Electrical Control and Spatial Visualization of Charge Density Waves in 1T-TaS2
by Christian Eckel
Date of Examination:2025-06-11
Date of issue:2025-07-31
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Thomas Weitz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Weitz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
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Abstract
English
Charge density waves (CDWs) are stable phases in crystalline materials, creating a peri- odic reordering of the electron density and thereby induce a distortion of the underlying atomic lattice. Such structural changes are accompanied by variations in the properties of the materials, which can be exploited for technical applications. To this day, the phase transitions, stability mechanisms and the forming of CDWs are under investigation and show novel unexpected phases at times. A material that exhibits such a correlation-driven electron-phonon phenomenon is tantalum disulfide (1T-TaS2). It is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) belonging to the class of two dimensional, Van-der-Waals (VdW) stacked materials. Its phase diagram, rich on different CDWs, makes it an ideal candi- date for various fundamental studies. This dissertation sheds light onto various CDW phases and their transitions with the help of electrical control and spatial visualization techniques. For imaging, cross-circular polarized Raman spectroscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) are employed and upgraded for simultaneous electrical measurements. Three studies are pre- sented with each focusing on a particular phase or transition. In the first study, the sliding and pinning behavior for the CDW under electrical bias is investigated. During the sliding motion, an additional current is generated. This process is detectable by measuring the electrical noise in the system. A detailed temperature analysis of the sliding of the nearly commensurate (NC) CDW phase is discussed, where a restricted high electrical noise region was measured in the temperature versus electrical bias phase space. In the resistance data, an electrically controllable polarization effect of the material is found. The second study uses cryogenic-SNOM to visualize coexisting domains of commensurate (C) and NC phases in an electrically contacted sample. These domains are created by Joule heating and gradually expand or shrink under increasing applied voltages. The simultaneously monitored resistance and the imaged domains allow to simulate a re- sistive network, which matches well with the expected resistivity values of both CDW phases. Furthermore, the first imaging of the triclinic (T) phase with SNOM is presented. In the third study, the chiral nature of the CDW in 1T-TaS2 is explored. A method to partially trigger chiral transition in the material via electrical bias is introduced with cir- cularly cross-polarized Raman spectroscopy as a accessible method for verifying the chiral state. The developed evaluation method of plotting the intensity ratio of the E5 g and E7g vibration modes of the Raman spectra, makes Raman maps thickness independent and a practical tool for chiral visualization. However, to achieve a higher resolution on the order of few tens of nanometers, non-diffraction-limited SNOM is employed, through which the first chiral domain imaging in a two dimensional material with this technique is realized. Furthermore, the influence of chiral domain walls in an electric channel on the resistance is discussed. Strong indications of a conductive defect line at the interface were observed, as the measured resistance is significantly lowered if such an interface is present. This work shows the variety and complexity of 1T-TaS2 as a prototypical CDW material. The demonstrated ability to electrically control phases and trigger partial transitions, combined with spatial visualization methods, is key to future developments of CDWs in electrical applications.
Keywords: 1T-TaS2; Charge Density Waves; Scanning near-field optical microscopy; Electrical Control; Chiriality