Children’s Identification and Filling of Knowledge Gaps in Digital Learning Environments
by Martina de Eccher
Date of Examination:2024-10-01
Date of issue:2025-08-11
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Nivedita Mani
Referee:Prof. Dr. Nivedita Mani
Referee:Prof. Dr. Mila Dimitrova Vulchanova
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Abstract
English
Children face uncertainty during learning, which can indicate they have a gap in their knowledge. Identifying and addressing knowledge gaps is fundamental for effective learning. Metacognition and external feedback play a crucial role in this process. Children can independently evaluate their knowledge state and recognise their knowledge gaps through metacognitive monitoring, and can adjust their behaviour to fill those gaps through metacognitive control. These metacognitive processes enable children to focus on what they do not yet know while avoiding wasting time on information they already know. However, young children´s metacognitive abilities are developing, and they often overestimate their knowledge. Here, external feedback plays a crucial role, as it can both assist them in improving their metacognitive abilities and directly help them identify and address knowledge gaps. These processes are particularly relevant in digital learning environments, where children typically interact without adult guidance. With their interactive features, digital devices can offer unique support for children´s independent learning. This thesis aims to clarify how children engage in metacognitive processes to recognise and fill their knowledge gaps during word learning in interaction with digital devices and how external feedback can guide them in this process. Across three studies using tablets and social robots, this thesis investigated the development of metacognitive monitoring abilities of preschool- to school-aged children, their information-seeking behaviour aimed at reducing uncertainty, and the role of feedback in facilitating these processes and filling knowledge gaps. We found that children are able to discriminate between what they know and what they do not know during a word learning task. Moreover, they are able to use their uncertainty to guide their information-seeking behaviour strategically. However, the findings suggest that these abilities are not always reliable, and young children may, in some cases, struggle to effectively engage in metacognitive processes. Importantly, we found that external feedback can facilitate these processes, helping children recognise their knowledge gaps and adopt strategies to fill them. The findings suggest that feedback can also directly help children improve their knowledge. This thesis suggests that children can, to some extent, independently recognise their knowledge gaps and seek information to fill them when interacting with digital devices. At the same time, it emphasises the role of digital feedback in supporting them in this process.
Keywords: metacognition; digital learning environments; word learning; child development; information-seeking; feedback; child-robot interaction
