Land-atmosphere interactions of agroforestry systems in Germany: quantifying the ecosystem-scale carbon uptake and potential wind erosion reduction
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-07-03
Date of issue:2025-08-11
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Alexander Knohl
Referee:Prof. Dr. Alexander Knohl
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Bernhofer
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Description:PhD thesis
Abstract
English
The world is more frequently experiencing extreme weather conditions due to climate change. Society and agriculture face more intense long-lasting warm and dry seasons, and extreme rainfall. These intensifying weather conditions ask for a sustainable intensification of agriculture, which is more resilient to droughts and erosion, so global food production can keep being provided. In addition, mitigating and reducing carbon-dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions can contribute to minimizing the effect of climate change. Agroforestry could be a good alternative for monocropping (MC) croplands or grasslands by providing more resilient and adapted agriculture for climate change and additional mitigation of CO2. In the current thesis, the focus is specifically on short rotation alley-cropping agroforestry systems (AF), which are croplands or grasslands in which widely-spaced parallel rows of trees are interleaved, creating natural alleyways. The more heterogeneous landscape of AF is known to provide a range of benefits such as, an altered microclimate which is more resilient for weather extremes, reduced soil erosion, improved biodiversity, and an improved carbon uptake. Despite that it is expected that wind erosion is reduced and the carbon uptake is improved over time with AF, wind erosion reduction has not been quantified and the carbon uptake over time is only measured with intermittent point measurements of the soil and partial harvest of trees. Therefore, the aims of the current thesis are to (1) compare and asses the continuous net ecosystem-scale carbon uptake of short rotation alley-cropping agroforestry and adjacent monocropping, and (2) quantify the potential wind erosion reduction by short rotation alley-cropping agroforestry. To be able to measure the ecosystem-scale carbon uptake at AF and MC, an additional aim was to (3) characterize and evaluate novel lower-cost eddy covariance (LC-EC) setups. To achieve these aims, continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements of the carbon exchange over four AF systems and four adjacent MC systems without trees were performed in northern Germany from mid 2019--2021. The EC measurements were performed using novel LC-EC setups, which were also tested and characterized in the current work. Furthermore, using simulated wind speed reduction output from large eddy simulations in combination with local wind speed measurements, potential wind erosion reduction estimates inside one entire short rotation alley-cropping agroforestry system were made. In the first study of this thesis it was shown with simulated potential wind erosion estimates that an AF in a temperate climate could reduce the potential wind erosion by more than 80%, when the AF is well-designed and managed. Optimal wind erosion can be achieved when the tree strips are orientated perpendicular or diagonal to the main wind direction, reducing wind erosion with 92% and 86%, respectively. Besides, it was shown that the height of the tree strips needs to be in balance with the spacing in between the tree strips, and that wind erosion reduction with AF could result in reduced loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) compared to MC at locations with susceptible sandy soils. Finally, a distance of ≤48 m in between dense tree strips of only 2 m height, already provided a potential wind erosion reduction of 86% when orientated perpendicular or diagonal to the dominant wind direction. In the second study of this thesis the tested and characterized LC-EC showed good agreement with simultaneous conventional eddy covariance (CON-EC) measurements. The LC-EC CO2 fluxes were 4–7% (R² = 0.91–0.95) lower compared to the CON-EC CO2 fluxes, and the latent heat (LE) fluxes also agreed well in 2020, as the LC-EC LE fluxes were 1–5% (R² = 0.86–0.91) higher than the CON-EC LE fluxes. In 2021, the LC-EC LE fluxes overestimated the CON-EC LE fluxes by 23% (R² = 0.84), however, likely due to underestimation of the CON-EC. Despite increased uncertainty with LC-EC due to using slower response sensors, the performance of LC-EC was comparable with the variation in EC fluxes between several CON-EC setups. Therefore, it was shown that the novel LC-EC setups are a cheaper alternative to CON-EC at approximately 25% of the costs. In the third study of this thesis the continuous LC-EC measurements showed that the net ecosystem production (NEP) - or net carbon uptake - of the AF sites was significantly higher compared to the adjacent MC. The NEP at the AF croplands was on average 16--190% higher compared to MC croplands, and at the AF grassland the NEP was on average 195% higher compared to MC grassland. It was also shown that at the croplands the gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) were between 10--35% and 9--15% higher at the AF compared to MC, respectively, and at the grassland the GPP and Reco were 13% and 31% lower at the AF compared to the adjacent MC, respectively. At the grassland site the difference in NEP between AF and MC was relatively constant for each year, however, the cropland sites showed strong yearly fluctuations, influenced by local weather conditions and soil and crop type. In addition, it is highlighted that long-term EC measurements could provide more detailed and solid understanding of the carbon balance differences between AF and MC sites, especially because long-term carbon sequestration requires an increase of the slowly accumulating SOC. Moreover, it was shown that especially at croplands carbon allocation and carbon export through harvest needs to be monitored to keep complete track on the long-term SOC accumulation or degradation. Furthermore, it was shown that the harvest of the tree strips did not systematically affect the carbon uptake of AF in the successive year, as the tree strips covered a relatively small part of the entire ecosystem. The main conclusions of this thesis are that (1) the net ecosystem-scale carbon uptake of the short rotation alley-cropping systems was significantly higher compared to the adjacent monocropping sites, and that (2) a well-designed short rotation alley-cropping agroforestry systems can provide more than 80% reduction of potential wind erosion. Furthermore, it was shown that (3) the novel lower-cost eddy covariance setups performed well and can be a cheaper alternative to costly conventional eddy covariance setups. Finally, further improvements of the LC-EC performance are possible, and future design and maintenance of AF remains an optimization process between benefits and drawback at individual site level, however some concrete suggestions are provided in the current thesis.
Keywords: Agroforestry; Short rotation alley-cropping; Monocropping; Carbon uptake; Wind erosion; Eddy Covariance; Lower-cost eddy covariance
