Plastification of cellulose
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-07-24
Date of issue:2025-08-11
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Kai Zhang
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Zhang
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Mai
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Abstract
English
Cellulose is the most abundant biomass resource worldwide, and its favorable properties have led to a wide range of applications. However, the complex structure of cellulose, particularly its abundant hydroxyl groups and resulting crystallinity, results in exceptional mechanical properties and intricate multi-level interactions, especially in the presence of water. For cellulose-based materials, a quantitative understanding of these structures and interactions is crucial. The goal of this research is to explore the importance of the amorphous-crystalline structure and the water molecule induced mechanical transitions, focusing primarily on the plasticization of cellulose-based materials. Amorphous cellulose (AC) is a totally amorphous cellulose polymer with excellent mechanical properties, and can be used as a good material to investigate the rigorous relationship between cellulose mechanical properties and molecular interaction status, especially with the existence of water. A time-temperature-moisture superposition for AC covers a wide range of temperature and relative humidity (RH) was established, greatly expanding the mechanical test frequency range to 10-11-106 Hz. The larger moisture-induced shift factor compared with temperature-induced for the superposition indicate a different mechanism of AC relaxation process brought by water molecules and temperature change, which primarily break the inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds (HBs), respectively. The HB analysis based on FTIR results also proves the important role of the intermolecular HB playing on the AC relaxation behaviors. Besides, a Mooney-Rivlin model is applied to understand the transition from strain hardening to softening during tensile process. This transition occurs and shifts to smaller strain when increasing either RH or temperature, which also indicate the superposition principle brought by both moisture and temperature. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a typical one-dimensional nanomaterial with very high crystallinity. The unique core-shell like structure of CNC contains crystalline region in the interior and amorphous region on the outside. This structure sets CNCs apart from other one-dimensional nanomaterials, influencing their interactions based on amorphous cellulose chains on surface in the presence of nanoconfined water. A rigid-soft transition of cellulose chains in amorphous regions of CNC surfaces by comparing their strain behaviors with AC was observed. This allows the analysis of a threshold RH values to identify a threshold RH value to identify the hydro-glass transition behavior of CNCs based on a untangling model. It is found that the nanoconfined water absorbed within the amorphous regions of CNCs leads to significant water condensation, triggering a rapid transition of HB from cellulose-cellulose to cellulose-water type and leading to the sudden mechanical loss after reaching a certain RH. Moreover, the presence of surface groups with lower acid dissociation constants also accelerates this hydro-glass transition process. Hence, highly crystalline nanomaterials can still exhibit hydroplastification due to specific structural and interaction factors. Finally, to further realize CNC hydroplasticity, a mesopore-induced vapor training process was developed to shape CNC films under moderate stress and alternating RH. Using tunicate-derived CNCs (tCNC) with a very high aspect ratio, moderate stress with repetitive water adsorption-desorption breaks bottle-like mesopores into smaller domains. Excessive stress, however, can partially close pores, enhancing CNC orientation at the same time. The aspect ratio and surface properties of different CNCs also affect their hydroplasticity. Films with longer CNCs form larger mesopores, allowing more mobility and uniform stress distribution, while sulfonated or carboxylated CNC surfaces produce distinct mesopore configurations. By harnessing these mesopore changes rather than altering the nanocrystal lattice, stable shapes such as helical films can be produced, demonstrating the hydroplastification process using vapor training for the first time. This thesis is a cumulative work including 3 publications that provide deep insight into cellulose plastification based on structures and interactions. One of them had already been published, and two were being prepared for submission. The background, the objective of the study, results and discussion of the three publications and the conclusions are presented in Section 1-4.
Keywords: Cellulose; Plastification; Mechanical analysis; Sorption isotherm; Polymer physics