Structural finger-jointing of European beech and birch – Studies on the joining and bonding mechanisms
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-06-03
Date of issue:2025-08-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Holger Militz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Militz
Referee:PD Dr. Markus Euring
Referee:PD Dr. Matthias Albert
Referee:Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Johannes Konnerth
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Brischke
Referee:Dr. Philipp Schlotzhauer
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Abstract
English
In the past, the finger-jointing of hardwoods was less researched and standardised compared to softwoods. This is associated with a lack of knowledge and uncertainties in the production of load-bearing hardwood engineered wood products (EWPs, used synonymously with building products). The focus of the studies of this dissertation was set on the structural finger- jointing of the European hardwood species beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.) and birch (Betula pubescens, Ehrh. and Betula pendula, Roth). Various parameters regarding the joining and bonding mechanisms were investigated using a commercial finger-jointing line for short pieces of wood and commercial adhesive systems. The scientific publications of this doctoral thesis addressed the determination and evaluation of the delamination resistance of beech finger joint bondings (Publication I), the characterisation of the joining behaviour depending on the wood species and exposure to varying relative humidity (Publication II) and the analysis of surface properties related to finger joint bonding depending on the cutting process (Publication III). Furthermore, the bonding strength and elasto-mechanical properties of hardwood finger joints were determined (Publication IV and Publication V), the finger joint geometry adjusted and the elasto-mechanical properties of adjusted finger joints determined (Publication VI and Publication VII). In addition, finger joints in further hardwood-based materials were characterised (Publication VIII). The results of these studies are intended to serve as a basis for the production and for adaptations related to structural hardwood finger joints. Overall, this thesis found that beech and birch behave very similarly in finger- jointing due to their similar physical and anatomical properties. It was confirmed that their higher density is the factor that most distinguishes them from softwoods and must be considered when finger-jointing. In Publication I the normative requirements of the resistance to delamination test were met by PRF bonded beech finger joints, whereas the MUF bondings did not meet the standard requirements. PUR bonded finger joints were more resistant to delamination when wood with a higher moisture content was bonded. Publication II showed the high relevance of self-locking for the initial strength of the finger joint and for the formation of the bondline. It was found that higher-density wood species tend to densify less than low- density wood species, when finger jointed. Densification appears to increase towards the tip of the finger joint in the higher-density wood species beech and birch, whereas densification in the poplar finger joint tended to be more constant. The accuracy of fit of the finger joint profile was found to be highly relevant and even more for hardwoods than for softwoods. Deformations due to varying relative humidity’s had a negative effect on the self-locking of beech finger joints. The Publication III highlighted the complexity of the finger joint surface after different mechanical treatment, and that the surface can be influenced by the choice of machining parameters. However, the relation between the performance and the design of the finger joint surface has not been investigated. With the adhesive systems tested, beech and birch finger joint strengths were higher compared to conventional softwood finger joints. PUR bonds tended to achieve slightly lower finger joint strengths than PRF and MUF bonds (Publication IV and Publication V). In summary, the high relevance of the adhesive selection for the structural hardwood finger-jointing became evident in this thesis. High-performance adhesive systems are necessary for the high strength, high stiffness and low dimensional stability (e.g. beech) of the hardwoods. The anatomical structure and chemical composition of the hardwoods should be considered when formulating the adhesive, as well as the further processing. Previous studies (discussed in Publication IV and Publication V) have highlighted the weaknesses of today's structural finger joints, especially in the high strength range of hardwoods. A novel finger joint profile was developed as part of this dissertation, resulting in beech and birch finger joint strengths that were higher compared to conventional finger joint profiles. The general feasibility of finger-jointing has been demonstrated for many materials in this thesis.
Keywords: Engineered wood products; finger joints; hardwood
