Efficiency in German Aquaculture and Fisheries Production
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-11-06
Date of issue:2025-08-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Bernhard Brümmer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Meike Wollni
Referee:Prof. Dr. Achim Spiller
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Abstract
English
This dissertation focuses on the efficiency of aquaculture and fisheries production in Germany. Previous studies found that the production conditions of aquaculture and fisheries are complex. The overfishing of many global fishing stocks does not allow for an increase in global landings. However, while aquaculture production has multiplied in many developing countries, production was stagnant in developed countries like Germany. Despite the long production tradition of Germany, these sectors have seen stagnation or decreased production quantities for decades. This dissertation, therefore, analyzed the technical and environmental efficiency of rainbow trout production in north-west Germany and the technical efficiency of brown shrimp production of German vessels. Both are Germany’s most important respective productions and have been profitable in recent decades. However, changing production conditions due to climate change, regulations on their production factors, and missing investments in production question the long-term perspective. The three essays of this thesis uncovered substantial inefficiencies in production and identified in all three analyses underlying factors that can be used to understand why the performances differ and where policies could support the sectors to improve their efficiencies. In the second chapter on the technical efficiency of rainbow trout production, regular training, experience, and higher revenue shares with rainbow trout explained higher efficiencies. In contrast, the obligation to clean the production water intensively explained lower efficiencies. We used double-bootstrap DEA as the methodological approach. In the following, we could show that higher technical efficiencies were not a good predictor for resilience against extreme climatic conditions that the farms experienced in the subsequent year. We also asked the farm manager about their future expectations and which factors they see as the most inhibiting for the development of trout production in Germany. Most farm managers expected further stagnation or decline in the sector. The two most common answers were problems due to Requirements, authorizations, and collaboration with authorities and Reduced water-inflow, climate change, and high water temperatures. Higher efficiency levels and the need to clean the discharge water could explain why some farm managers had more positive expectations for the future. The third chapter on the environmental efficiency analysis investigated the excess nutrient emissions of trout farms with a DEA by-product approach. The potential effects of these emissions on the ecosystems are regularly named as a major factor against production extension in Germany. We calculated the emission levels by using the Danish Damburgsmodel. The analysis focuses on three types of emissions: total phosphorous, inorganic nitrogen, and the chemical oxygen demand, for which recommendations on the maximum levels exist in Germany. We also document that the farm-specific emission regulations are very heterogeneous in north-west Germany. Our efficiency analysis shows that the production has substantial emission reduction potentials, which strongly differ between the three emission types. Multiple farm characteristics like the location in federal states, the training level, or if the farm manager regularly visits training or information events explain differences in the environmental efficiencies of the farms. The fourth chapter focused on the technical efficiency of brown shrimp fishing by the German fleet in the North Sea. We used a panel SFA approach to analyze a panel dataset from 2002-2021 on all landings of the German fleet. The results showed a decrease in production possibilities over time and a significantly negative effect of the overaging of the fishing vessels on their productivity. We found strong annual variations in the vessel efficiency levels that could be related to important events like Covid-19, a strike, or the collapse of the stock. We further identified several factors that explained differences in production efficiencies. Among them were factors the vessels can influence, like the focus on brown shrimp fishing, the number of months the vessel fishs in each year, or the participation in producer organizations. Furthermore, input and output prices or weather conditions also significantly affected the efficiencies, most likely over the adaption to them or as a proxy for other factors. Overall, this dissertation shows that Germany’s aquaculture and fisheries sector faces complex production conditions under which the producers operate with substantial inefficiencies. Numerous solutions can improve the performance, but these also depend on close collaboration with all stakeholders.
Keywords: Efficiency Analysis; Aquaculture; Fisheries; Rainbow Trout; Crangon Crangon; Technical efficiency; Agricultural Economics; Environmental Efficiency; Resilience; Water Regulations
