Psychological Effects of Age and Hormonal Contraceptive Use in the Context of Female Reproductive Decision Making
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-07-03
Date of issue:2025-09-05
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Lars Penke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Lars Penke
Referee:Dr. Ruben Cem Lennartz
Referee:Prof. Dr. York Hagmayer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Julia Ostner
Referee:Prof. Dr. André Pittig
Referee:Prof. Dr. Marcella Woud
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Abstract
English
Reproductive decision making is a central aspect of human life, shaped by both biological and psychological factors. While prior research has often focused on fertility-related outcomes, little is known about if and how age and hormonal contraceptive use influence psychological dimensions in the context of reproductive decision making, such as partner preferences, sexuality, and well-being. In my dissertation, I address this gap through three empirical studies examining how these factors affect women’s everyday experiences. Specifically, I investigate how women’s age is linked to their partner preferences and how hormonal contraceptive use impacts sexuality and well-being in women. In the first study, we analyzed the role of age for female partner preferences in an ideal romantic partner using cross-sectional data of 17,254 single, heterosexual women from 147 countries, indicating that most partner preferences do not differ between women of different ages. However, there was a significant age-related difference in partner preferences for traits linked to parenting, suggesting a shift in reproductive priorities over the life course of women. Yet, due to the cross-sectional nature of this analysis, it is impossible to distinguish between age, cohort, and time period effects. In the second and third study, we delved deeper into the realm of female reproductive decision making. We investigated the causal effects of hormonal contraceptive use on sexuality and well-being. For this investigation, we used robust longitudinal designs with a German sample of up to 5,232 women and 24,306 yearly observations. Findings showed that hormonal contraceptive use has positive average treatment effects on sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction, but no (or only a negligibly small) impact on well-being (i.e., depressiveness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem). Notably, the analysis revealed a relatively high heterogeneity in the effects of hormonal contraceptive use on sexuality, with some women experiencing significant positive effects and others little to no change. In contrast, the effects on well-being were characterized by relatively low heterogeneity, suggesting a more uniform response across women. Despite the strengths of these analyses, challenges remain in estimating and explaining treatment heterogeneity, with variability in individual treatment responses that require further exploration. Together, these three empirical studies contribute to a deeper understanding of how age and hormonal contraceptive use shape key psychological factors involved in women’s reproductive decision making, highlighting both stable patterns and individual variability in partner preferences, sexuality, and well-being. The findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences (e.g., neuroticism) in contraceptive counseling, paving the way for more personalized, evidence-based guidance in clinical practice. Given the potential for public misunderstanding and the increased likelihood of media amplification, especially in light of recent polarized discourse around hormonal contraceptive use, research in this domain also carries the responsibility of contextualizing psychological effects carefully, in order to avoid unnecessary alarm and to support informed, equitable access to contraception.
Keywords: reproductive decision making; hormonal contraception; sexuality; well-being; partner preferences; causal inference; longitudinal data
