Structural Change, Foreign Investment, and Labour Markets in Developing Economies
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-09-02
Date of issue:2025-09-16
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Jann Lay
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jann Lay
Referee:Prof. Dr. Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso
Referee:Prof. Dr. Krisztina Kis-Katos
Sponsor:Evangelisches Studienwerk Villigst
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Abstract
English
This dissertation investigates the complex relationships between structural change, foreign direct investment (FDI), and labour market outcomes in developing economies, with a particular focus on the roles of firm formalisation, greenfield investment and place-based policies like Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Through four distinct empirical studies, it addresses critical knowledge gaps concerning the drivers and implications of economic transformation in Africa and Asia. The first chapter introduces a novel decomposition framework for analysing the productivity dynamics of formal and informal manufacturing SMEs in Vietnam. This reveals a significant productivity gap between formal and informal firms, which is partly due to higher misallocation in the informal sector. Overall productivity growth among manufacturing SMEs is primarily driven by firms that have always been formal. However, firms that transition from the informal to the formal sector experience much faster growth than other firms, and this transition is associated with an increase in allocative efficiency, which contributes significantly to productivity growth. The second chapter constructs the most comprehensive project-level dataset on greenfield FDI in Africa to date, revealing substantial underreporting in existing commercial databases. Descriptive analyses based on this dataset and ILO employment data suggest that direct job creation in greenfield projects is an important driver of formal employment creation in services and manufacturing in selected countries. However, direct greenfield job creation accounts for only a small proportion of total job creation, as job growth is dominated by the informal sector. Indicative correlation regressions even suggest potential crowding out of formal employment in domestic firms. Chapters three and four use innovative continuous treatment measures derived from historical satellite imagery to provide causal evidence of the impact of SEZ programmes on local labour markets in Vietnam and Ethiopia, respectively. In Vietnam, the expansion of SEZs is shown to be a powerful driver of inclusive structural change, prompting a significant shift from informal agricultural self-employment to formal wage employment in manufacturing. This is associated with a strong positive effect on earnings and job quality, particularly for women and rural workers. In contrast, Ethiopia’s industrial park programme primarily drives a shift from agriculture to construction, with only modest gains in manufacturing and no robust evidence of wage increases. These findings emphasise the context-dependent nature of such policies. Taken together, this dissertation underscores that, while firm formalisation, FDI, and SEZs are important policy tools for development, their success is not automatic. The findings emphasise the importance of targeting high-potential firms, recognising the growing role of the services sector, and embedding investment promotion within a broader framework of complementary domestic institutional reforms and a stable political environment, in order to foster inclusive and sustainable structural transformation.
Keywords: Structural Change; Foreign Investment; Labour Markets; Informal Sector; Special Economic Zones; Productivity; Vietnam; Africa; Ethiopia
