Interfacial Protons vs. Bulk Protons: How Proton Localization Alters ATP Synthase Activity
by Hendrik Flegel
Date of Examination:2025-04-11
Date of issue:2025-09-22
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Claudia Steinem
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claudia Steinem
Referee:Prof. Dr. Helmut Grubmüller
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Abstract
English
This dissertation investigates proton transfer processes at biological membranes, focusing on the role of FOF1 ATP synthase as a proton consumer. ATP synthase plays a central role in cellular energy conversion by utilizing a proton gradient to synthesize ATP, yet the exact origin of these protons – whether from the bulk medium or transported along the membrane surface – remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether ATP synthase preferentially utilizes protons from specific sources and to understand the mechanisms behind proton transfer to the protein. To address these questions, various model systems were developed using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing the TFOF1 ATP synthase from thermophilic Bacillus PS3. Proton sources included the water-soluble photoacid HPTS, mimicking bulk protons, and the amphiphilic derivative C12-HPTS, which releases protons attached to the membrane. By comparing these systems, the influence of proton localization on ATP synthase activity was evaluated. The vesicular models were characterized in terms of size, protein reconstitution efficiency, and protein orientation, with successful protein insertion confirmed. The photoacidity of both HPTS and C12-HPTS was assessed using absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, revealing that both compounds effectively release protons upon light excitation. A luminescence-based ATP synthesis assay was used to evaluate enzymatic activity, and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) provided time-resolved insights into proton transfer dynamics. The results indicated that ATP synthase preferentially utilizes membrane-bound protons over bulk protons for ATP production, as evidenced by higher proton transfer rates and hints on an increased ATP production in systems containing C12-HPTS. These findings underscore the significance of membrane-bound proton sources for ATP synthesis and provide valuable insights into proton transfer mechanisms at biological membranes. This work contributes to the fundamental understanding of bioenergetic processes and has potential implications for biotechnological applications aimed at optimizing proton transport for energy production.
Keywords: ATP Synthase; Lipid Membrane; Proton Localization