Growing sustainable livelihoods in the Sahel
Interrelations between agroforestry and smallholder farming in Senegal
by Luisa Müting
Date of Examination:2025-04-25
Date of issue:2025-10-06
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Oliver Mußhoff
Referee:Prof. Dr. Liesbeth Colen
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dr. Daniel Hermann
Sponsor:This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Research Training Group 2654 Sustainable Food Systems.
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Abstract
English
This dissertation investigates the interrelations of agroforestry and smallholder farming systems in the Sahel region. In the Sahel region, climate change is driving the degradation of arable land. Agroforestry, the integrated management of trees and agriculture, is promoted for its potential to mitigate climate change, restore degraded lands, and enhance climate change adaptation. However, agroforestry practices vary widely, necessitating a more nuanced understanding of smallholder preferences within adoption decisions, the relationship between diverse agroforestry systems and crop production, and smallholders’ decisions regarding agroforestry uptake and extension as a strategic climate change adaptation measure. In three essays, this thesis focuses on the versatility and complexity of agroforestry practices in this geographical context. The essays are based on primary survey data collected from 606 smallholder farmers in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin between December 2022 and January 2023. The first essay examines smallholders' preferences within their adoption intentions for different agroforestry system design concepts that aim to provide varying degrees of economic benefits. Using Heckman models, it explores factors influencing smallholders’ willingness to adopt agroforestry and their willingness to pay or accept compensation, considering the objectives of each system in achieving specific outcomes. The second essay shifts focus to the relationship between agroforestry practices and groundnut yields. While experimental studies have shown that tree composition influences crop productivity, less is known about how real-world smallholder agroforestry systems relate to groundnut production. To address this, the essay applies log-linearized Cobb-Douglas production functions, estimated through ordinary least squares regressions. The analysis examines how the number of trees per hectare, tree species diversity, and the numbers per hectare of the five most prevalent tree species in smallholders’ agroforestry systems relate to reported groundnut yields per hectare. The third essay explores smallholders’ detailed agroforestry-based climate change adaptation strategies. It categorizes trees planted within the three years prior to data collection as either fertilizer trees or fruit trees. The study investigates whether smallholders perceive specific locally relevant climate change effects as problematic for their cropping activities. Using a Heckman model, it then analyzes how these perceptions relate to their tree planting decisions and tree species selection as adaptation strategies. Together, these essays provide valuable insights into the diversity of agroforestry systems in the Sahel, offering policy-relevant findings on how to better align agroforestry practices and interventions with smallholders’ needs and preferences. The research highlights the importance of tailoring agroforestry systems to synergistically enhance economic and environmental benefits while addressing strategic climate change adaptation.
Keywords: Agroforestry; Climate change; Adaptation; Smallholder; Sahel; Tree species; Land restoration
