Empirical Findings and Design Approaches for the Use of Distributed Ledger Technologies in Supply Chains
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-10-29
Date of issue:2025-11-03
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Matthias Schumann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matthias Schumann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Manuel Trenz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Waldemar Toporowski
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Abstract
English
Due to the complexity of modern supply chains (SCs), coordination and communication among numerous value-creation partners are required. This, in turn, necessitates resilient and transparent systems to manage disruptions and ensure the reliable provision of goods. Unforeseen disturbances such as pandemics, geopolitical conflicts like wars, or ecological constraints reinforce this need for solutions by requiring resilient, transparent, and sustainable value networks capable of meeting regulatory requirements and societal expectations. Against this background, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can address communication inefficiencies, traceability gaps, and compliance challenges in SCs through its inherent properties such as immutability, transparency, and smart-contract automation. However, since DLT is a technology that emerged only in 2008 with the Bitcoin blockchain, existing knowledge on its application in SCs is limited in research and practice. This dissertation addresses this gap by deriving design-oriented expertise for deploying DLT in SCs. Initially, a literature review conducted as part of the dissertation demonstrates that existing research has focused predominantly on sector-specific prototypes and technical concepts. This resulted in a lack of generalizable insights, practice-oriented implementation strategies, and systematic governance considerations. Building on these findings, five complementary research contributions conducted within the dissertation address the identified research gaps. First, suitable application areas for DLT in the SC context were identified, followed by the formulation of success factors and technological and organizational adoption barriers. These insights are drawn, among other sources, from literature and failed practical projects such as TradeLens and Serai. Finally, design-oriented studies, which comprise a prototype for customs processes and an interview study, translated the dissertation’s findings into 19 design recommendations for implementing DLT in SCs. These recommendations encompass technical implementation and operational model considerations, given that a DLT must be jointly operated and utilized by multiple SC parties. The results demonstrate that successful DLT applications depend not solely on technical feasibility but on governance structures, incentive mechanisms, and regulatory embedding. Accordingly, this work provides both theoretical contributions for advancing existing frameworks and practical design recommendations for the incremental implementation of decentralized system architectures in SCs. The dissertation concludes with an outlook on future research, particularly the integration of DLT with Internet-of-Things and Electronic Data Interchange systems.
Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technology; Supply Chain; Design Science Research
