Morphological and functional consequences of an AAV-mediated Foxo3 knockdown on C2C12 myoblasts
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-11-17
Date of issue:2025-11-03
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Dominik Saul
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dominik Saul
Referee:Prof. Dr. Laura C. Zelarayán
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Abstract
English
Sarcopenia is a common disease in the elderly and hospitalized population, leading to a higher risk of falling and hospitalization, resulting in increased healthcare costs and significantly reduced quality of life. Current therapies, mainly based on physical activity and nutritional support, are limited in hospitalized patients, highlighting the need for novel approaches. With that background, the transcription factor Foxo3 plays a pivotal role, as it is inactivated in anabolic situations, whereas in catabolic situations, Foxo3 expresses the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase Fbox32, driving protein degradation. The hypothesis is that an AAV-mediated long-term Foxo3 knockdown in C2C12 myoblasts results in lower levels of Fbxo32, which in turn leads to an enhanced morphology and function. An in silico analysis revealed elevated Foxo3 expression in aged mice and the most differentially expressed genes were associated with human muscle atrophy diseases. To establish a myogenic differentiation model in vitro, C2C12 wild-type cells were transduced with AAV2 vectors carrying a plasmid for either control or Foxo3-targeting siRNAs. Transduced cells were selected by FACS to generate mono- and polyclonal lines, with siControl K8 and siFoxo3 K2 chosen for further experiments based on comparable growth characteristics. They were further differentiated into myotubes for 9 days. In the subsequent experiment, a successful, stable and long-term FOXO3 knockdown at protein level was confirmed from day 3 onwards. The morphological analysis demonstrated a delayed differentiation, leading to the formation of smaller and less fused myotubes due to the Foxo3 knockdown. These results were reflected in the functional evaluation. Here, the Foxo3 knockdown myotubes exhibited a longer time to peak and longer contraction duration. Mechanistically, as a consequence of the FOXO3 knockdown at the protein level, there is a compensatory upregulation of Foxo1, which also expresses the Fbox32. FOXO3 plays a role in the regulation of Myod1 expression, which is crucial during early differentiation. Foxo3 plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity. Consequently, the FOXO3 knockdown at the protein level results in DNA double-strand breaks, as indicated by an upregulation of Atm and further Tp53 expression. Tp53 is a driver of Foxo3 expression and inhibits the Myog expression, which is crucial for myoblast fusion in later differentiation. In conclusion, the initial hypothesis was falsified. The AAV2-mediated long-term FOXO3 knockdown prior to differentiation inhibited its own initiation of differentiation and further inhibited its later differentiation with myoblast fusion depending on Atm and Tp53 expression
Keywords: Sarcopenia, Skeletal Muscle, Foxo3, Myod1, Myog
