Vergleichende Untersuchung von Art und Häufigkeit von Artikulationsmustern bei stotternden und bei nicht stotternden Probanden mittels Echtzeit-MRT
by Marius Hergt
Date of Examination:2025-11-12
Date of issue:2025-11-03
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Martin Sommer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Martin Sommer
Referee:PD Dr. Peter Dechent
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Abstract
English
The genesis of primary non-syndromic stuttering remains, despite groundbreaking advances in stuttering research in the 21st century, one of the unresolved medical mysteries. In particular, the examination of the internal articulators during stuttering events has been largely neglected in previous studies, even though it holds great potential for understanding the causal origins of stuttering. Recent progress in real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) now allows for detailed visualization and analysis of the movements of internal articulators during speech. The aim of my study was to investigate stuttering and fluent speakers on the basis of three hypotheses: The movement sequence of the articulators is altered during stuttering. Audible stuttering events are reflected in abnormal articulatory movements. Such conspicuous articulatory patterns do not occur in fluent speakers. There are relationships between stuttering symptoms and the abnormal movements of the articulators. In this study, 18 participants who stutter and 16 fluent speakers were examined. The participants performed several speech tasks, and real-time magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in the midsagittal plane during task execution. Our goal was to identify words from the various speech tasks in which at least 60% of the stuttering participants exhibited stuttering while as many fluent speakers as possible produced the tasks error-free, in order to ensure good comparability. The pseudowords “Gakscheitideuk” (IPA [gakʃaitidɔyk]) and “Natscheitideut” (IPA [natʃaitidɔyt]) met these criteria. For the acoustic and articulatory analysis of fluent participants, a checkpoint-based rating system was developed, inspired by internationally established articulatory phonology frameworks. These checkpoints were subsequently used to analyze the articulatory movement sequences. Due to the large amount of data, the further analysis was focused on the pseudoword “Natscheitideut” ([natʃaitidɔyt]). After excluding speech errors and ambiguous stuttering events, data from six participants who stuttered, comprising a total of 45 stuttering events, were available for analysis. In the subsequent analysis of the pseudoword produced by stuttering participants, five distinct movement patterns of the internal articulators were observed that did not occur in the fluent-speaking cohort. These movement patterns were described as: – change of the apical shape, – isolated caudal movement of the dorsum, – temporal discrepancy between apex and dorsum, – additional movements of the tongue body – additional movements of the velum. These movement patterns could most plausibly be classified into two types of motor dysfunction. In addition to sustained contractions in the sense of dystonia, muscle activities resembling isometric contractions were also observed. These movement patterns were seen in the movements of the velum, tongue tip, and tongue body. A descriptive characterization and descriptive statistics of the movement patterns were conducted. Subsequently, a logistic regression analysis was performed to associate the observed movement patterns with specific stuttering symptoms. The analysis of the pseudoword “Natscheitideut” ([natʃaitidɔyt]) revealed statistical significance for the movement pattern “additional movements of the velum.” It was shown that the presence of this movement pattern made it four times more likely that a silent block occurred compared to a prolongation. Although the other movement patterns did not reach statistical significance, there were clear tendencies for certain stuttering symptoms to co-occur with specific articulatory movement patterns. Furthermore, a trend was observed toward longer stuttering events as the number of movement patterns present within a single stuttering event increased. Our findings thus confirmed the hypotheses we had formulated. Similar observations have been reported in previous real-time MRI studies that described abnormal articulatory movements in individuals who stutter, showing analogies to the movement patterns detected in our study. Whether the movement patterns we identified represent dystonic or isometric contractions cannot be proven descriptively and should be the subject of future research. Another motor disorder shows phenotypical similarities to the movement patterns observed in our stuttering participants: Freezing of gait (FoG), whose pathophysiology shares overlapping features with known stuttering-related pathologies—such as repetitive movements and delayed motor execution—which may also represent plausible pathomechanisms in stuttering. Through the visualization and analysis of the articulators, we were able to describe the phenotype of stuttering in greater detail than ever before. At the same time, we succeeded in identifying characteristic articulatory movement patterns of stuttering, representing a breakthrough in understanding stuttering as a motor disorder.
Keywords: Stuttering; Movement patterns; Dystonia; sometric contractions; Nature of stuttering