International aid for biodiversity conservation policy in Central Africa: symbolic politics, empowerment and implications for inequalities
von Alexandra Rasoamanana
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2025-07-17
Erschienen:2025-11-05
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Max Krott
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Moïse Tsayem-Demaze
Gutachter:Dr. Symphorien Ongolo
Förderer:The research presented in this dissertation has received funds from the Volkswagen Foundation, with the grant number A.Z. 96 964 (FOREQUAL) and the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.
Dateien
Name:Dissertation_AR_28102025.pdf
Size:35.9Mb
Format:PDF
Description:cumulative thesis
Diese Datei ist bis 16.07.2026 gesperrt.
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
The Congo Basin Forest in Central Africa is the world's second largest tropical rainforest and is widely recognised as a global public good. Since the 1980s, international aid for biodiversity conservation in the region has increased significantly, driven by the political framing that forest preservation and sustainable extraction of natural resources constitute an international shared responsibility. However, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and social injustices have continued to escalate despite the rapid expansion of legally designated conservation areas and sustained financial support for biodiversity conservation policies that claim to be pro-poor, rights-based, and sustainable. This paradox reveals a performative dynamic in which technical narratives may camouflage political realities, and the appearance of progress may conceal structural failures. This thesis, situated within critical policy theory, assesses why and how conservation policies financed through international aid continue to receive substantial support despite consistently weak environmental outcomes and persistent social inequalities, including violent conflict in many donor-funded conservation areas. I applied Lasswell’s classic behaviouralist framework "who gets what, when, and how", to assess the political dynamics that shape the formulation, design, and implementation of externally funded conservation initiatives. I selected three internationally funded conservation initiatives in Central Africa: USAID-CARPE, EU-ECOFAC, and CAFI (a multi-donor fund supporting REDD+ policies). These represent the most consistently funded and longest-running conservation initiatives in Central Africa, with operations extending up to more than a decade. Rather than employing comparative analysis, the case studies serve as distinct entry points for examining how international aid shapes conservation governance through varying institutional, spatial, and political configurations. Although these initiatives pursue shared goals such as ecosystem and biodiversity protection, climate change mitigation, poverty reduction, sustainable forest management, and human rights, their institutional design and implementation strategies differ significantly. These differences shape conservation policies and politics through mechanisms operating at regional, national, and local levels. Through four empirical essays, the thesis analyses how asymmetries in power, resources, and decision-making authority amongst the actors involved shape conservation policy design and implementation. The first paper analyses symbolic conservation strategies in the Maiko Tayna Kahuzi Biega landscape in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, primarily funded by CARPE. The findings show that while conservation territories and legal classifications help attract funding, they often remain symbolic. These strategies generate the illusion of progress while diverting resources from more equitable and effective conservation actions. Donors and transnational actors continue to prioritise legal and cartographic expansion to assert legitimacy and authority, reflecting patterns described in Edelman's theory of symbolic politics. The second paper assesses whether international aid has strengthened coercive authority rather than supporting long-term solutions for forest-dependent communities. The case focuses on the ECOFAC programme, financed by the EU, with approximately 200 million euros allocated over three decades. Findings indicate that a large proportion of funds has been directed towards enhancing state control over conservation territories through coercive means. The analysis reveals how transnational and national actors maintain mutual dependence, securing funding and reinforcing domestic authority, while investment in sustainable livelihoods benefiting forest dependent land-users remains minimal. The third paper explores the relationship between international and local conservation organisations through a CARPE-funded wildlife corridor project linking Maiko and Kahuzi Biega National Parks. Local organisations tend to operate as subcontracted service providers, often lacking long-term technical and financial support. The absence of clear exit strategies deepens dependency. Drawing on Scott’s patron-client theory, the analysis shows how international actors shape conservation priority and practice according to strategic interests, while local actors adopt flexible approaches to maintain access to funding for their own benefits. This reinforces symbolic policy practices and weakens resistance to ineffective conservation models. The fourth paper assesses REDD+ implementation under CAFI in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has received around 700 million USD since 2016 roughly 60 % of CAFI funding across six countries. The programme has evolved into a bureaucratic, donor-led initiative, with much of the funding absorbed by administrative processes rather than direct action to reduce deforestation or poverty. Although official objectives include improving conditions for forest-dependent land-users, the operational model has diluted these aims. An analysis of funding politics reveals that donor decisions have enabled transnational actors tasked with implementation to advance their formal and informal interests through REDD+ financial flows. Across all four papers, the analysis demonstrates how international aid has empowered donors, transnational actors, and state authorities to dominate conservation agendas, while marginalising forest-dependent land-users. Strategic alliances among these actors have perpetuated coercive models and symbolic and performative policies, rather than fostering meaningful reform. These findings offer insight into how socio-political dynamics embedded in international aid influence biodiversity conservation outcomes in Central Africa.
Keywords: international aid politics; symbolic policy; mutual dependence; patron client relationship; Biodiversity conservation