Deriving Forest Structural and Functional Metrics from Airborne and Ground-based Mobile Laser Scanning
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-10-09
Date of issue:2025-11-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Dominik Seidel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft
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Abstract
English
This study examined the application of LiDAR-based methods, specifically Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and ground-based Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS), to evaluate forest structural metrics and their ecological functions across diverse geographic contexts. The overarching aim was to evaluate the capabilities of these methods in measuring forest complexity and to investigate the relationships between forest structure, environmental drivers, and ecosystem functions such as land surface temperature. The first study (Chapter I) focused on assessing the comparability of ALS and MLS in deriving forest structural metrics, particularly the box dimension (Db), a holistic measure of forest structural complexity. The study was conducted in a temperate beech-dominated forest in central Germany, using 233 circular plots, each with a diameter of 50 meters, and scanning more than 45 hectares of forests using both ALS and handheld MLS methods. Thirteen structural metrics were calculated from both datasets. Results showed moderate to strong agreement between forest structural metrics derived from both methods (mean Pearson correlation ~60%), although discrepancies were influenced by scan angle and canopy metrics. ALS was more effective for canopy-level attributes, while MLS provided finer detail of the understory. These findings highlight the complementary nature of ALS and MLS, emphasizing the need for careful calibration in LiDAR-based assessments of forest structure metrics. In the second study (Chapter II), the relationship between forest structure and ecological function was examined by linking ALS-derived forest structural metrics with satellite-based land surface temperature (LST) in the same beech-dominated forest where the first study was conducted. Using spatially aligned 30 m × 30 m plots across a 17 km² area, the study found that forests with higher structural complexity had significantly lower surface temperatures. A spatial autoregressive model revealed that elevation had the strongest influence on LST, followed by forest structural complexity, slope, and aspect. These results provide empirical evidence that structurally complex forests play a crucial role in regulating microclimate, suggesting that forest management strategies that enhance structural complexity can contribute to climate change mitigation. The third study (Chapter III) applied MLS to assess the drivers of forest structural complexity in the Himalayan forests of Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area, where ALS data were unavailable. A total of 69 plots were sampled across elevational and climatic gradients using handheld MLS. The study found that forest structural complexity was significantly affected by forest height, species diversity, aspect, soil pH, and disturbance level, whereas temperature and precipitation had no detectable influence. The use of MLS enabled the collection of detailed data in challenging terrain and demonstrated its practical value for forest assessment in remote mountain regions. Together, these studies provide a multi-platform perspective on how LiDAR technologies can be utilized to assess and interpret forest structure and function. The findings reinforce the potential of LiDAR, both ALS and MLS, as robust tools for ecological monitoring, forest management, and climate-related research across diverse forested landscapes.
Keywords: LiDAR; Forest Structure; Beech Forest; Mountain Forest; Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS); Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS)