Polylactic acid as a binder for lignocellulosic-based insulation materials
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-11-12
Date of issue:2025-11-26
Advisor:PD Dr. Markus Euring
Referee:PD Dr. Markus Euring
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Militz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Mai
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Zhang
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Abstract
English
This research explores the possible application of a renewable binder in the development of flexible insulation materials derived from lignocellulosic sources. These materials, based on lignocellulosic fibers, can be produced from wood sources, such as hardwoods and softwoods, as well as from non-wood sources like kapok fibers. Given the current emphasis in the wood-products industry on substituting non-renewable binders such as polymethylene diphenyl-diisocyanate (pMDI) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), this research also aims to contribute to the exploration of the potential of using polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder in flexible insulation materials produced with natural fibers and binders. In order to deepen the understanding of the performance of the materials produced with natural fibers and binders, four research studies were conducted, resulting in four publications; 1. Discovering Natural Fiber-Insulation Boards and Natural Adhesives, focused on a Polylactic Acid (PLA) Application – a Review This work presents a comprehensive overview of research centered around insulation products produced from natural fibers and natural adhesives, with a particular focus on polylactic acid (PLA). The study is grounded on the growing concern about the excessive use of petroleum-based resources, prompting scientists to shift their attention towards enhancing the use of natural-origin and renewable resources. The discussion extends to the increasing interest in natural-fiber insulation boards and the role of natural adhesives in supporting these boards to create a wholly eco-friendly product. Additionally, the performance of these natural-fiber insulation materials is typically evaluated through various mechanical and physical properties, including bending, compression, tensile strength, density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity, as well as the technical standards involved. The literature referenced in the study identifies a range of plant-based fibers, particularly wood fibers, alongside natural adhesive sources such as lignin, tannins, and proteins. 2. Wood-fiber insulation boards (WFIB) produced with hardwood and softwoods species and polylactic acid (PLA) fibers as a binder: This study addresses the variability in natural fiber properties by producing flexible insulation boards from different wood species—pine and spruce (softwoods), and beech and birch (hardwoods)—with densities of 80 kg/m³, 100 kg/m³, and 120 kg/m³ using the hot press method. Bicomponent fibers, made of two concentric layers of polylactic acid (PLA), were employed as a renewable-origin binder at a 10 % (w/w, dry basis) proportion. Various technological properties, including short-term water absorption, compression strength, and thermal performance, were assessed. The density of WFIB significantly affects water absorption, compression strength, and thermal conductivity, with all these properties increasing as density increases. Insulation boards produced from hardwood fibers showed higher values for water absorption and compression strength compared to those made with softwoods. The insulation boards produced with softwoods with a density of 80 kg/m3 displayed lower thermal conductivities than those composed of hardwoods. This research highlights the promising potential of producing flexible wood fiber insulation boards utilizing natural and renewable fibers and binders. 3. Wood‑fiber insulation boards produced with polylactic acid as a binder by hot press and hot air: In this research, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were created using polylactic acid (PLA), a renewable and natural-origin binding agent, employing two techniques: hot pressing (HP) and hot air (HA). Boards with densities of 60 kg/m3, 80 kg/m3, and 100 kg/m3, along with PLA concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %, were fabricated using both the hot press (HP) and hot air (HA) processes in order to evaluate and understand the effects of all these variables on insulation boards performance. The WFIBs were assessed in their physical properties, including density and short-term water absorption, as well as their mechanical property of compression resistance. Moreover, thermal characteristics such as thermal conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were evaluated. The wood and PLA fibers underwent examination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope. For the WFIBs produced, the density values correlate with trends in water absorption, compression strength, and thermal conductivity. The addition of polylactic acid (PLA) enhances the mechanical property of compression strength and improves the physical property of short-term water resistance. In conclusion, wood fiber insulation boards (WFIB) were successfully produced using polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder through both hot press (HP) and hot air (HA) techniques, achieving remarkably low thermal conductivity values that are on par with those of commercial products. 4. Lightweight Natural Fiber Insulation Boards Produced with Kapok Fiber (Ceiba pentandra) and Polylactic Acid or Bicomponent Fiber as a Binder This research focuses on the development of lightweight insulation panels composed of kapok fibers and bound with either PLA or bicomponent fiber. The panels were manufactured using a hot-air process, with kapok fibers making up 95% of the composition and the binder comprising 5%. This composition and process result in remarkably low densities of 10 kg/m3, 15 kg/m3, and 20 kg/m3. The study evaluates technological attributes including density, porosity, water absorption, wettability, compression strength, and thermal conductivity of these panels, comparing them to commercially available glass wool. Findings indicate a direct correlation between water absorption rates and density, suggesting that denser materials tend to absorb more water. All measured short-term water absorption values are below 1 kg/m2, meeting commercial standards. This performance is attributed to the samples' low density and high porosity, along with the natural hydrophobic wax coating on the kapok fiber's cell wall. Similar results are observed in wettability tests, as the kapok fiber boards demonstrate a higher water resistance upon contact. When considering compression as a mechanical property, the binder type and density levels do not significantly influence compression characteristics at the tested low densities. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the kapok-based panels aligns with commercial standards.
Keywords: polylactic acid; kapok; insulation materials; thermal conductivity; lignocellulosic fibers
