Analyses of biodiversity measures on wild bees in different agricultural landscapes of Germany
by Josephine Kulow
Date of Examination:2024-12-10
Date of issue:2025-11-27
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Catrin Westphal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Catrin Westphal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jens Dauber
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Abstract
English
One of the most pressing environmental issues of our time is the ongoing decline in agricultural biodiversity in cultivated landscapes. Important ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes, such as pollination, depend on the number and diversity of bees and other pollinating insects. Those, in turn, depend on the availability of food provided by plants (in space and time). Consequently, the increasing loss of natural and semi-natural habitats due to agricultural intensification and habitat fragmentation is seen as a contributing factor for the wild bee decline. There is a conflict between agricultural production and the need to conserve biodiversity. One approach to increase biodiversity and therefore promote also wild bees in agricultural landscapes is the use of different biodiversity measures, such as flower strips, fallows or extensive grain production, as they provide different floral resources, nest sites and nest materials for wild bees. These measures can increase landscape heterogeneity to counteract the negative trend. My PhD thesis aims at investigating the effects of biodiversity measures and landscape structure on the abundance and diversity of wild bees, cavity nesting insects and plant-pollinator networks in agricultural landscapes of Germany. All surveys of wild bees in agricultural landscapes were based on the selection of nine agricultural regions across Germany, all being intensively managed but differing in landscape composition and configuration. Within each region, I established one matched pair of study landscapes (1 km x 1 km), with a wider surrounding (3 km x 3 km), with one landscape containing ‘farm adapted’ biodiversity measures (treatment landscape) and the other representing the typical land use of the respective region as control landscape. The first chapter focused on how the distance, the area and the quality of the closest three biodiversity measures as well as the proximity to forest and oilseed rape and landscape connectivity affect the abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their natural enemies. Therefore, I set up in total 340 trap nests at 170 different locations within treatment landscapes (3km x 3 km). I found that the total cavity-nesting insect abundances increased with measures` quality and declined with increasing distance to oilseed rape and forest. Cavity-nesting wasps benefited from biodiversity measures, while effects on solitary bees were not detected. The abundance and species richness of all wasps and natural enemies declined with increasing distance to forest. The results indicate that the proximity to forest is an important factor promoting insects as forest edges provide food, nesting sites and shelter. In the second chapter, I hypothesised that abundance and richness of wild bees would increase with larger areas and quality of biodiversity measures. I expected that particularly common wild bee species would benefit from biodiversity measures, whereas rare species would benefit less. Furthermore, I hypothesised that crop diversity, semi-natural habitats, mass flowering crops and edge density would have additional positive effects on wild bees. To test this, I conducted standardized transect walks of 1000 m total length, divided into sub-transects, in each study landscape (1 km x 1 km). I found that besides common species, solitary and rare bees can particularly benefit from increased area and quality of biodiversity measures. Further the abundance of bumble bees and frequent wild bees was positively influenced by crop richness or evenness. In contrast, semi-natural habitats and edge density had no significant effects in the studied landscapes. The study emphasizes that biodiversity measures may be an effective approach for promoting regional occurring wild bees in agricultural landscapes already few years after their implementation. In the third chapter I focused on plant-pollinator interactions within transect walks in 2018 and 2020 on nine established matched pairs of study landscapes (1 km²). I assessed the effect of biodiversity measures implementation and landscape structure (semi-natural habitats and edge density) on pollinator communities and plant-pollinator networks. I observed 3050 interactions of 127 bee species with 103 plant species. Treatment landscapes had a higher interaction frequency, were less nested and more specialized compared to control landscapes, caused by a higher availability of floral resources provided by implemented biodiversity measures. Landscape structure affected web asymmetry and interaction diversity of plant-pollinator networks. The study highlights the importance of biodiversity measures for the promotion of diverse, more specialized plant-pollinator networks. Landscape structure impacts plant-pollinator networks and should be considered for future analyses. In conclusion, the combination of biodiversity measures and diversified cropping systems can help to conserve wild bees in intensively simplified agricultural landscapes. Diverse and high-quality habitats can promote complex, specialized plant-pollinator networks that are more resilient to environmental impacts. Regional adaptation of biodiversity measures is important to benefit both biodiversity and agriculture. It is recommended to create wooded habitats such as forest edges and hedgerows to provide more nesting opportunities for wild bees, combined with the enhancement of flower-rich habitats. Long-term monitoring of insect populations and plant-pollinator networks is crucial to improve the effectiveness of biodiversity measures to promote agricultural biodiversity.
Keywords: conservation measures; pollinators; pollination; pest control; parasitoids; flower strips; landscape structure; habitat quality; land use; landscape configuration; crop diversity; transect walks; agri-environment schemes; plant–pollinator networks; interaction diversity; semi-natural habitats; edge density
