Enhancing RNAi-Based Pest Control through Effective Target Gene Selection and Optimal dsRNA Design
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2025-11-26
Date of issue:2025-12-04
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gregor Bucher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gregor Bucher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
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Abstract
English
The growing global population demands new strategies for sustainable pest management. Chemical insecticides, while historically successful in controlling pest populations to protect agricultural yields and suppress disease vectors, face critical restrictions and issues, as their use has led to environmental harm and development of insecticide-resistance. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a potential alternative, offering species-specific and environmentally friendly pest control through the delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to silence essential pest genes. Despite commercial progress and advances in dsRNA delivery technologies, several challenges limit the large-scale application of RNAi-based pest control strategies. These challenges include lower efficacy compared to chemical insecticides, a delay between dsRNA uptake and the onset of lethal effects, and a lack of response to dsRNA in many important pest species. Selecting the most effective target gene and optimizing the dsRNA sequence have the potential to improve efficacy, thereby helping to overcome some of the main challenges in RNAi-based pest control. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the thesis topics, focusing on the mechanism of RNAi and its application in pest control, while linking the state of the literature to the aims of the thesis. The main aims of this thesis are to establish standardized approaches for effective target gene identification in insect pests and to optimize dsRNA sequences for improved insecticidal efficacy. A further overarching goal is to develop data-driven and user-friendly computational tools that allow researchers to translate these insights into RNAi-based pest control applications. These aims have both scientific and practical implications, as they have the potential to accelerate research on identifying the best target genes and designing optimal dsRNA sequences, thereby improving insecticidal efficacy in field applications and reducing the cost of RNAi-based pest control. Chapter 2 investigates the transferability of effective target genes identified in a genome-wide RNAi screen in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, to a major oilseed rape pest, the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala. The results revealed moderate transferability (~50%) of highly effective targets from T. castaneum, which increased to approximately 80% when considering genes already validated in other leaf beetles. These findings are conceptually important, as they demonstrate partial but significant cross-species transferability of RNAi targets, and practically valuable, as they can guide the development of RNAi-based solutions against this important pest. Chapter 3 is a review article that synthesizes progress in identifying effective RNAi target genes across insect pests. Drawing on genome-wide data from T. castaneum, experimental results from Chapter 2, and other transfer studies, it highlights that effective RNAi targets are largely distinct from the targets of conventional chemical insecticides. The chapter argues that unbiased, screen-based approaches outperform hypothesis-driven gene selection due to the unpredictable influence of cellular processes on RNAi efficacy. Finally, it compiles a curated list of highly effective RNAi targets validated across multiple pest species, providing an important resource for future discovery efforts. Chapter 4 hypothesizes that the efficacy of RNAi-based pest control depends on the sequence features of the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed from delivered dsRNAs. To test this, siRNAs with different sequence parameters were evaluated in T. castaneum by targeting an essential gene and measuring insecticidal efficacy. These data, together with insights from the siRNA therapeutics literature, were used to develop an algorithm that enriches efficacy-associated siRNA features during dsRNA design. In most cases, this algorithm improved the insecticidal performance of dsRNA treatments in T. castaneum and two other coleopteran pests. The dsRNA sequence optimization algorithm, as well as tools for identifying effective target genes in pests and minimizing risks to non-target species, were integrated to develop the dsRIP web platform (https://dsrip.uni-goettingen.de), which offers a comprehensive pipeline for enhancing RNAi-based pest control. Chapter 5 demonstrates the application of the dsRIP pipeline to the hop flea beetle, Psylliodes attenuata, a key pest of hop plants. Three dsRNAs with lethal and feeding-inhibitory effects were efficiently identified, demonstrating the feasibility of RNAi for managing this pest for the first time and highlighting the utility of dsRIP as a comprehensive pipeline for establishing new pest species. Chapters 6 and 7 adopt an exploratory approach and use high-throughput sequencing following insecticidal dsRNA delivery to gain novel insights into the mode of action of RNAi-based pest control at the molecular level. Chapter 6 combines RNA degradomics, small RNA-seq, and proteomics to characterize the mode of action of a proteasome-targeting insecticidal dsRNA at the molecular level. Interestingly, the study identified discrepancies between siRNA abundance and target mRNA cleavage patterns. This suggests that increasing the abundance of siRNAs with the highest cleavage efficacies might be an additional strategy to enhance dsRNA efficacy. Chapter 7 investigates the processing of insecticidal dsRNA into siRNAs using small RNA-seq from T. castaneum injected with many different dsRNAs. The key advantage of this chapter compared to the existing literature is the extensive number of different dsRNAs included in the small RNA-seq experiments, which provided an opportunity to understand general dsRNA processing patterns. Notable observations included lower siRNA production from the sense, but not the antisense, strand at dsRNA termini, and no influence of changes in dsRNA processing frames on the siRNA pools. Finally, Chapter 8 concludes with a general discussion of the thesis findings, highlighting their potential to facilitate and improve research and applications in RNAi-based pest control, while also addressing notable remaining gaps and future directions.
Keywords: dsRNA; RNAi; siRNA; optimization; pest control
