Coulomb Correlations in Femtosecond Electron Pulses
by Rudolf Ulrich Haindl
Date of Examination:2025-01-29
Date of issue:2025-12-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Mathias
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Abstract
English
Electron beams are a key resource for exploring and manipulating objects on the nanometre scale. While the spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution of a dilute electron microscope beam is limited by imperfections in electron optics, stochastic Coulomb interactions between electrons introduce additional challenges at elevated currents. This cumulative thesis explores the fundamental properties of coherent ultrashort few-electron pulses beyond their ensemble-averaged behaviour. The key accomplishments and findings are presented in four original works. The first study characterises photo-induced tunnelling emission from a cold field emitter, promising unprecedented spatio-angular control of femtosecond electron emission. The second study employs event-based detection of femtosecond electron pulses for the first observation of well-defined energy and momentum correlations in a transmission electron microscope beam. We find that the interplay between these correlations is governed by the configuration of the acceleration field. In the future, pulse-charge-selective filtering schemes as established in this work will facilitate shot-noise–reduced electron beams. The third study reconstructs time–energy phase-space distributions of few-electron pulses by femtosecond gating using inelastic electron–light scattering. We show that mutual repulsion during beam propagation generates pronounced joint spectral and temporal correlations, and that a global optical phase imprinted via electron–light interaction enables coherent shaping of these few-electron states. The final study characterises collisions between multi-electron pulses with low inter-particle velocity differences, identifying conditions for efficient energy transfer between electrons and establishing a controlled limit of stochastic Coulomb interaction. The findings of this thesis contribute to overcoming practical limitations to the resolving power of the electron microscope. Coulomb-correlated few-electron pulses from ever-brighter laser-triggered electron emitters will enable dose control at the single-electron level. Moreover, future studies will explore long-range correlations and quantum phenomena in freely propagating electron ensembles, representing a prototypical one-dimensional electronic system.
Keywords: Ultrafast Electron Microscopy; Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy; Electron Beam Physics; Quantum Electron Optics; Femtosecond Electron Pulses; Femtosecond Correlations; Attosecond Correlations; Few-electron Pulses; Stochastic Coulomb Interactions; Coulomb Interactions; Coulomb Correlations; Photoassisted Cold Field Emission; Cold Field Emitter; Schottky Emitter; Event-based Detection; Inelastic Electron-Light Scattering; Shot Noise Reduction; Phase Space Reconstruction; Coherent Control
