Green Bonding: Unlocking the Potential of Canola (Brassica napus) Protein for Sustainable Wood Composite Materials
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-04-25
Date of issue:2025-12-11
Advisor:PD Dr. Markus Euring
Referee:PD Dr. Markus Euring
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Militz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Alireza Kharazipour
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner
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Abstract
English
This dissertation explores the potential of canola meal and canola protein isolate as a sustainable alternative for developing bioadhesives in the wood-based panel industry, particularly focusing on Medium Density Fiberboards (MDFs) and particleboards. This study is motivated by the need to address environmental challenges, resource scarcity, and health concerns associated with conventional synthetic adhesives. Given its availability and its unique protein structure, canola offers a promising solution for the industrial development of protein-based bio adhesives. The research work is divided into several key investigations from which five publications have resulted: Canola Meal as Raw Material for Bioadhesives: Canola meal was used to develop several adhesive formulations for the production of MDFs and particleboards. It was shown that the use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as denaturant significantly improved the bonding properties of the protein-based adhesives. The MDFs produced exhibited bending strength values above 40 N/mm² and internal bonding strength greater than 0.5 N/mm², demonstrating that canola meal-based adhesives can achieve mechanical properties comparable to that of the synthetic binders. However, the study highlights the need to improve the water resistance of these natural protein-based adhesives for industrial applications. Optimizing Canola-Gelatine-Urea Bioadhesive: The research further optimized canola protein- based bioadhesives by incorporating sodium bisulfate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium nitrite as crosslinkers. Furthermore, a heat treatment was applied to assess the combination of both chemical and thermal denaturation. It was found that the particleboards bonded with sodium nitrite-treated adhesive variants exhibited superior bonding performance, surpassing even conventional UF-bonded boards in mechanical properties, with increasing heat treatment time. The research underscores the potential of canola protein adhesives, particularly with sodium nitrite, in providing a sustainable alternative with high bonding strength. Impact of Production Parameters on the Properties of Particleboards: Another aspect of the research focused on how wood panel’s production parameters such as binder content, press temperature, and press time affect the mechanical properties of particleboards bonded with canola protein-based adhesives. The findings revealed that higher binder content, increased press temperature, and prolonged press time significantly improved internal bonding strength and bending strength. The interaction between these parameters was shown to be crucial for optimizing the properties of canola protein-based particleboards. Shelf-Life Assessment of Canola Protein Bioadhesive: The long-term storage stability of canola protein isolate (CPI) and canola meal (CM)-based adhesives was evaluated. The study found that CPI-based adhesives maintained superior mechanical properties even after four months of storage, whereas the performance of CM-based adhesives declined significantly. This indicates that CPI-based adhesives have a more robust chemical formulation, making them more suitable for long-term storage and industrial application. Polyethyleneimine-Crosslinked Canola Protein Bio-Adhesive: The potential of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a crosslinker for canola protein-based adhesives was explored. Results revealed that even a low PEI ratio could significantly enhance the bonding properties of the canola adhesive, thereby improving the mechanical properties of particleboards. The research also demonstrated that increasing pH levels improved the crosslinking and bonding properties of the adhesives, highlighting the role of pH in the effectiveness of PEI as a crosslinker. In an industrial blow-line pilot trial conducted at the Institut für Holztechnologie Dresden (IHD), canola meal-based adhesive was tested for its applicability in producing MDF panels. The study compared the performance of this bioadhesive with a conventional melamine-urea- formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive under varying fibre production conditions (8-bar and 12-bar pressure). The canola-based adhesive demonstrated comparable performance to MUF in IB strength, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and dimensional stability, meeting industrial standards. These findings suggest that canola meal adhesives can be a sustainable alternative to synthetic resins in MDF production, offering environmental benefits without compromising the performance. Overall, the dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of canola meal and protein-based adhesives in the wood-based panel industry. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using canola-based adhesives as sustainable alternatives to synthetic binders, with optimized formulations showing promising mechanical properties. However, the research also identifies areas for further improvement, particularly in enhancing water resistance, to fully realize the potential of these bioadhesives in industrial applications.
Keywords: Canola; Bioadhesive; Wood composites; Green bonding; Plant protein
