A journey toward independence in young mandrills ("Mandrillus sphinx"): the intertwined effects of early life adversity and maternal investment
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-03-14
Date of issue:2025-12-15
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Peter M. Kappeler
Referee:Dr. Marie Charpentier
Referee:Dr. Oliver Schülke
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Name:Roura-Torres_Early life mandrills.pdf
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Description:Thesis
Abstract
English
Early life adversity (‘ELA’) can have lasting effects on development influencing both survival and physical growth in wild animal populations, with maternal care playing a crucial role in shaping these trajectories and potentially buffering the impact of various adversities. While recent evidence suggests that ELA can also have intergenerational effects – where a mother’s early experiences affect the fitness of her own offspring – the mechanisms driving these effects remain poorly understood. In this thesis, using more than 10 years of demographic and behavioral data from wild mandrills, I analyzed how ELA influences early survival and physical development, and shapes mother-infant relationships, with a particular focus on how the loss of a mother during female’s early development determines her own maternal behavior later in life. The results showed that, first, while the consequences of cumulative ELA were not apparent during the entire early life period (<4 years), they became evident when specifically focusing on the first year of life (Chapter 2). Remarkably, these findings identified a potential link between ELA and survival during adulthood, as ELA had a more pronounced impact on physical development than on early survival. Second, the study of variation in mother-infant relationships showed that these relationships change during the first year of life and that maternal traits, particularly rank and age, strongly shape caregiving behaviors (Chapter 3). Moreover, the results showed that mothers who experienced maternal death during their own development exhibited different caregiving behaviors toward their offspring (Chapter 4), suggesting a potential pathway for the implementation of intergenerational effects of ELA. Finally, the results of this thesis repeatedly demonstrated significant differences between the sexes, underscoring separate life history trajectories of each sex, which start to develop as early as during the first year of life. This work extends our understanding on how adverse conditions during early life can influence individual development. Furthermore, it emphasizes the relevance of integrating comprehensive behavioral data on mother-offspring pairs to further unravel these complex relationships and better understand how social behaviors may influence these dynamics.
Keywords: Early life adversity (ELA); Maternal care; Mother-offspring relationship; Intergenerational effects; survival and growth; sex differences; wild mandrills
