Einflussfaktoren auf die Kolonisierung von Clostridioides difficile bei Neugeborenen und Säuglingen – eine epidemiologische Studie
Factors Influencing the Colonization of Clostridioides difficile in Newborns and Infants – An Epidemiological Study
by Isabel Simone Simon née Simon
Date of Examination:2026-01-28
Date of issue:2025-12-16
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Uwe Groß
Referee:Prof. Dr. Uwe Groß
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christiane Lex
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Abstract
English
An infection with Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults worldwide. Due to the increasing incidence of clinically manifest C. difficile infections (CDI), the associated rise in mortality, and the economic burden on healthcare systems, C. difficile remains a major focus of current research. As a spore-forming, gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, C. difficile is environmentally resistant and can spread rapidly. Its key virulence factors are the toxins it produces. In recent years, particularly high C. difficile colonization rates have been observed in children, including colonization with toxigenic strains. Fortunately, children are only rarely affected by CDI. The reasons for this remain incompletely understood. Our study aimed to identify potential factors influencing C. difficile colonization in newborns and infants. We conducted a multicenter, prospective, epidemiological cohort study and enrolled 214 newborns. Data collection focused on the first six months of life. Two study centers—Göttingen and Darmstadt—participated. We analyzed stool samples starting at birth and collected data on potential influencing factors using parent questionnaires beginning in the first month of life. Detection of C. difficile was performed through culture followed by bacterial identification via MALDI-TOF MS. Of the 214 children, 107 (50.2%) were male, and 197 (86.1%) were full-term newborns. The prevalence of C. difficile detection during the first year of life was 22.4%, with the highest prevalence of toxigenic strains (6.8%) occurring in the 6th month of life. We examined factors known from the literature to influence C. difficile colonization of the gut (prematurity, breastfeeding, presence of animals in the home environment, antibiotic therapy). Our study showed an age-dependent increase in C. difficile colonization. Breastfeeding was identified as a significant protective factor against colonization. Different feeding patterns also had a significant effect on C. difficile colonization. A mixed diet consisting of breast milk, infant formula, and complementary foods/purees was associated with the lowest likelihood of C. difficile occurrence. Although more preterm than full-term infants were colonized with C. difficile, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Likewise, no significant association was found between the presence of animals in the home environment and the likelihood of C. difficile colonization. However, children living with animals were significantly less likely to be colonized with a toxigenic C. difficile strain. More children who had received antibiotic therapy were colonized with C. difficile, but no significant effect of antibiotic therapy could be demonstrated. Most of our findings are consistent with those of other pediatric cohort studies and support their conclusions. Hypotheses such as preterm infants being more likely to be colonized with C. difficile, children living with animals having higher colonization rates, or antibiotic therapy increasing the likelihood of colonization could not be confirmed, due to the lack of statistically significant differences between the groups.
Keywords: clostridioides difficile