Multifunctional composites based on cellulose nanocrystals
by Qun Song
Date of Examination:2025-11-24
Date of issue:2025-12-17
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Kai Zhang
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Zhang
Referee:Prof. Dr. Yong Wang
Referee:Prof. Dr. Steffen Fischer
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Abstract
English
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have garnered attention due to their distinctive features, such as high crystallinity, exceptional mechanical strength, nanoscale dimensions, extensive specific surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and intrinsic ability for self-assembly into ordered structures. These attributes position CNCs as highly promising candidates for the development of advanced materials derived from renewable resources, exhibiting superior mechanical performance and multifunctional capabilities. Consequently, CNCs have attracted substantial research interest, stimulating numerous studies. The object of this research is to investigate the inherent chirality of individual CNCs, their self-assembly and co-assembly behaviors with other nanoparticles, and the subsequent fabrication of functional materials through these processes. Inspired by the crucial role that the intrinsic structural chirality of CNCs plays in their self-assembly, we successfully synthesized high-molecular-weight, unsubstituted helical poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) through Suzuki coupling polymerization, providing lateral evidence that individual CNCs in suspension exhibit right-handed chirality.. This synthesis strategy leverages specific intermolecular interactions between CNC and PPP, particularly CH–π interactions between the pyranose ring CH groups of CNC and aromatic rings of PPP, as well as hydrogen bonding between boric acid groups in PPP oligomers and hydroxyl groups present in CNC glucose units. These interactions facilitate chirality transfer from CNC to PPP. As a result, PPP anchored onto CNC surfaces exhibited right-handed intra- and inter-chain helical self-assembly, reaching degrees of polymerization up to 80.2. Additionally, suspensions, powders, and films composed of these chiral CNC-PPP assemblies demonstrated notable fluorescence, structural coloration, chirality, and circularly polarized luminescence. We further engineered novel heterosymmetric structures using sustainable colloidal nanoparticles—CNCs and hydrophilic nanolignin (NL)—by precisely controlling evaporation kinetics and deposition behavior. This methodology resulted in heterosymmetric films possessing tunable polarization-optical properties suitable for time-dependent reversible encryption applications. During drying, the increasing concentration of CNC/NL colloidal droplets and CNC-induced liquid crystal phase separation controlled the dynamic interplay between Marangoni and capillary flows. The effects of liquid crystal elasticity and viscous forces on heterosymmetric structure formation at the three-phase contact line were quantitatively analyzed using the Ericksen number (Er). The resulting films exhibited distinct cross-extinction patterns, pronounced birefringence, circular dichroism, circularly polarized luminescence (with luminescence asymmetry factors up to 0.6), and dynamic solvent-responsive behaviors, enabling effective reversible multilevel encryption. Leveraging the mechanics of elephant trunk helical deformation, we developed a biomimetic actuator that incorporates CNCs as reinforcing fillers within hydrogel matrices. This approach significantly enhances the mechanical properties of hydrogels. Utilizing a straightforward, single-step fabrication method based on gravity-induced sedimentation and evaporation-driven migration, we successfully fabricated biomimetic curvature gradient hydrogel trunks (CGHTs). Through controlled dehydration and hydration dynamics in response to temperature variations (from 6 ℃ to 75 ℃), CGHTs undergo precisely modulated helical deformation, enabling applications such as underwater timed grasping, transportation, and release operations (time window up to 380 s). Moreover, CGHTs demonstrate capabilities extending to intricate tasks like knot tying and untying under identical conditions, as well as switches for unclogging and blocking hoses. Importantly, this fabrication strategy broadly applies to lower critical solution temperature hydrogel matrices with dense nanoparticles, creating composites that dynamically deform helically for efficient manipulation and targeted delivery at specific temperatures. This thesis is presented as a cumulative work comprising three publications. One of these has already been published, while the remaining two are prepared for submission. Sections 1 to 4 provide the background, research objectives, results, and discussion corresponding to these three studies, followed by the overall conclusion.
Keywords: cellulose nanocrystals; poly(para-phenylene); self-assembly; polarization optics; multifunctional materials; chirality