Basement-Cover Relationships in the Dom Feliciano Belt
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2025-09-09
Date of issue:2026-01-08
Advisor:Prof. Dr Thomas, Müller
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley
Referee:Dr. Graciela, Sosa
Referee:Prof. Dr Pedro, Oyhantcabal
Sponsor:DAAD, GoeLem
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Abstract
English
The interaction of the main cratons that constitute the present-day configuration of South America and Africa, together with several minor blocks, led to the amalgamation of Southwest Gondwana in the late Neoproterozoic, a protracted orogenic process known as African/Brasiliano Orogeny. From a global perspective, the assembly of Gondwana was the result of the convergence that followed the early Neoproterozoic Rodinia break-up. However, the participation of many southern South American and African crustal blocks in Rodinia has been challenged and, therefore, the early Neoproterozoic geologic record of these regions may not necessarily record the Rodinia break-up. In this context, Tonian units in Western Gondwana are the key to understanding the transition from the break-up of Rodinia to the assembly of Gondwana. This study presents new geological, petrological, and geochronological data from the South American Dom Feliciano Belt, formed due to the interaction of the Congo, Río de la Plata and Kalahari cratons, within the framework of the aforementioned orogeny. The results refine and extend our understanding of its Tonian–Cryogenian evolution, focusing on the geological record of its orogenic basement and associated cover successions. These findings also offer tighter constraints on its pre-collisional tectonic connection with the Kaoko Belt of southwestern Africa. The Tonian evolution of its eastern portion, known as Punta del Este Terrane, is interpreted as the product of a retreating arc orogeny developed along the western active margin of the Congo Craton. This tectonic setting characterized by subduction with back-arc extension satisfactory explains the high-K calc-alkaline geochemical signatures and mixed juvenile–crustal isotopic characteristics recorded within its basement. Detrital zircon spectra from metasedimentary rocks associated to the last further confirm its conextion with the African Kaoko belt and indicate a component of local arc sources, supporting their deposition within a syn- to post-magmatic enviromment. The extensional nature of this arc also implies partial rifting of its western orogenic basement, the Nico Pérez Terrane, from the Congo Craton, a scenario reinforced by the geological and geochronological correlations explored in this study . High-grade granulite-facies metamorphism within the Nico Pérez Terrane is here reported for the first time, with P–T estimates of ca. 1.0–1.3 GPa and 800 – 850°C, and titanite U–Pb ages yielding 650 ± 11 Ma. These metamorphic conditions are synchronous and comparable to those in the Punta del Este–Coastal Terrane, suggesting a regional Cryogenian collisional event associated with the amalgamation of South-west Gondwana. This evidence contradicts models that place the Nico Perez Terrane accretion in the Ediacaran, instead confirming its position at the border of the Congo Craton. The fast isotermal exhumation of the orogenic core, indicated by the studied mineral assambleges, suggests a shift from an initial frontal collision to oblique convergence. Detrital zircon ages and isotopic data indicate a Gariep-Belt-like nature of the Rocha Formation, the main cover succession of the Punta del Este Terrane, while structural relationships indicate its accretion to the Dom Feliciano Belt prior to ca. 580Ma. Following the collisional phase, the Dom Feliciano experienced Ediacaran post-collsional extensional tectonics with associated widespread magmatism, leading to the formation of basins with important amounts of volcanic filling (e.g., the Sierra de Aguirre Formation). The final stages of the orogenic cycle were marked by transpressional deformation along regional-scale shear zones and exhumation between ca. 570 and 450 Ma. Altogether, these new findings reinforce a shared Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the South-American Dom Feliciano Belt and the African Kaoko Belt in western Africa, followed by a later accretion of the Gariep Belt to the prior assamblage. The proposed model including a Tonian retreating-arc orogeny leading to the partial rifting of the NPT and widespread Cryogenian metamorphism, satisfactory explains the evolution of the considered portion of Gondwana.
Keywords: Metamorphism; Gondwana; Cryogenian; Dom Feliciano Belt; Tonian
