Essays on Women and Historically Disadvantaged Social Groups, and Indian Development Policy
by Karan Singh Bagavathinathan
Date of Examination:2018-09-27
Date of issue:2019-06-12
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stephan Klasen
Referee:Prof. Dr. David Ass. Blakeslee
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer
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Abstract
English
The thesis attempts to evaluate three Indian development policies aimed at promoting women and historically disadvantaged social groups. These policies are: job reservation for women in public workfare programs; women's political representation in the Indian state assemblies; political reservation in the state assemblies for historically disadvantaged social groups. The thesis evaluates the three distinct policies in three research papers. The outcomes of the policies could impact various development goals. The first two papers focus on the development policies’ effects on children welfare. The third paper focuses on several business outcomes, including those of Scheduled Caste entrepreneurs. The first paper (co-authored with Ritam Chaurey) examines the impact of the Indian employment guarantee program (MGNREGA - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) on the welfare of preschool aged children. Using a difference-in-differences specification stemming from the staggered roll-out of the program between 2006-2007 across districts of India, we find that MGNREGA resulted in a decrease in the number of meals for pre-school and school-going children. The second paper (co-authored with Francesco Burchi) has two main objectives: (1) to analyze whether the gender of politicians in India influences the educational attainments of the residents of the districts in which they were elected; (2) to test whether politicians are more sensitive to the needs of people of the same gender. Our results show that a 10 percentage increase in women's political representation produces a 6 percentage increase in the probability that children will complete primary school. We then found gender-differentiated results: that women's political representation affects the education of girls significantly more than that of boys. The third paper examines the existence of preference in the constituency works of political leaders elected through the Scheduled Castes (SC) electoral quotas. The paper examines the possible business outcomes in the private non-agricultural sectors that directly affect the welfare of the Scheduled Castes as well as other castes. These include: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurs’ access to public utilities; entrepreneurs’ dependence on family labour sectoral mobility; employment of SC in other caste enterprises; SC entrepreneurs’ ability to hire labor from other castes and political patronage. It finds that constituency works of SC leaders do not promote inclusion of SC members in the private sector businesses nor do they affect the overall business outcomes of the other castes. However, this study finds that SC leaders are involved in patronage in the rent-seeking sectors.
Keywords: Women employment, children nutrition, women political representation, children schooling, scheduled castes, private sector