Dinuclear Copper and Nickel Complexes of New Multidentate N-heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Structures, Dynamics and Reactivity
von Stefan Günter Resch
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2018-12-19
Erschienen:2019-12-18
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Franc Meyer
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Franc Meyer
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Sven Schneider
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Inke Siewert
Gutachter:Dr. Max Hansmann
Gutachter:Dr. Matthias Otte
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Marc Walter
Dateien
Name:PhD thesis SGR Veröffentlichung.pdf
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Description:Dinuclear Copper and Nickel Complexes of New Multidentate N-heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Structures, Dynamics and Reactivity
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
The present Ph.D. thesis is divided in two parts and describes N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of copper and nickel, their structures, dynamics in solution and reaction patterns. Part I deals thematically with copper(I) NHC complexes and their potential application for copper decomposition on surfaces. To achieve this, a mesitylen copper(I) NHC complex and a dinuclear copper(I) oxalato complex were synthesized and analyzed by thermogravimetric methods. A comparison of these complexes with complexes reported in the literature confirmed the potential for copper decomposition, but further investigations are necessary in the future to obtain quantitative results regarding the copper decomposition. In Part I, the spotlight is mainly on the synthesis of copper(I) complexes of oligodentate NHC ligands, which are primarily investigated with respect to their dynamics in solution. Investigations show the rearrangement of multinuclear complexes, containing three or six copper cores in the solid state to dinuclear complexes in acetonitrile. Such a behavior is confirmed by 2D NMR spectroscopy, DOSY NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. The results verify the dynamic diversity of oligonuclear copper(I) NHC complexes concerning their connectivity and nuclearity in solid state and in solution. Investigations of mononuclear and dinuclear copper(I) pyridinyl/NHC complexes underline the dynamics of those complexes in solution. The change of the coordination pattern of the ligand to the metal centers in dinuclear copper complexes is observed in solution within a narrow temperature range. This rearrangement of the complex is highly temperature dependent and the nuclearity of such complexes does not change in solution. Further, the temperature dependent interconversion of the ring conformations in a macrocyclic dicopper(I) NHC complex is monitored via NMR spectroscopy and its energy barrier was determined. Part I and Part II are linked by the successful synthesis of a new ligand bearing a central pyrazole bridge and two chelating bis(imidazolium) side arms in the 3- and 5-position of the pyrazole. This ligand system supports multinuclear complexes with coinage metals, which are stable in solution as well as preorganized dinuclear nickel(II) NHC complexes. The prototropy at the pyrazole unit in the ligand is investigated in different solvents allowing for the determination of the activation parameters for these exchange reaction. Furthermore, the formation of an aggregation of the ligand in solution to a dimer is confirmed. Two different supramolecular silver complexes in solid state are obtained by reaction of silver(I) oxide with two variations of the ligand. Part II describes preorganized, dinuclear nickel complexes of the new hybrid pyrazole/NHC ligand, the coordination of different ions in the cavity between the nickel centers and their behavior with acids, bases and small molecules. A different strong hydrogen bond interaction between [L6Ni2(OH)]2+ and solvent molecules is observed and confirmed by the structure in solid state, 1H NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. 1H NMR investigations of the kinetics of the substitution reaction at the very stable hydroxido bridge in [L6Ni2(OH)]2+ by H/D und H216O/H217O exchange reactions is investigated. The activation parameters were determined and two different mechanistic pathways are described based on experimental results and extended DFT calculations. In addition, the in situ formation of [L6Ni2(O)]+ is observed after deprotonation reaction and the fast back reaction to [L6Ni2(OH)]2+ after protonation by an unknown proton source. [L6Ni2Cl]2+ was obtained after protonation of [L6Ni2(OH)]2+ and allows for the synthesis of µ-amido, bis(cyanido) and µ-sulfido complexes. Another focus of this part are nickel-sulfur compounds, their characterization, the investigation of their interconversion and their application in HAT reactions and as catalysts for proton reduction. The interconversion of [L6Ni2S]+ and [L6Ni2(SH)]2+ via an encounter complex [(L6)2Ni4(SHS)]3+ is confirmed. The pKa value of [L6Ni2(SH)]2+ was determined by titration experiments and the proton self-exchange kinetic of the encounter complex and [L6Ni2S]+ and [L6Ni2(SH)]2+, respectively. Furthermore, [L6Ni2(SCH3)]2+ is synthesized by alkylation of [L6Ni2S]+ and the reversible reduction of [L6Ni2(SCH3)]2+ to the mixed valent NiINiII is investigated. In addition, the redox chemistry of [L6Ni2S]+ was explored. Different analytic methods, such as UV-vis spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations confirmed the observation of a unique thiylradical, exclusively coordinated between two nickel centers after oxidation of [L6Ni2S]+. This short living species dimerized very fast to a tetranickel(II) µ4-persulfido complex, which is further analyzed and represents a new coordination motif of nickel/sulfur. The BDFE(solv.) of the S–H bond in [L6Ni2(SH)]2+ is determined by the obtained pKa value of [L6Ni2(SH)]2+ and the redox potential E1/2([L6Ni2S]+/[L6Ni2(S∙)]2+) via simulation of CV data’s and a square scheme. The knowledge of the BDFE(solv.) allowed the investigation of the HAT reactivity of [L6Ni2(S∙)]2+ with weak O–H, N–H and C–H bonds. [L6Ni2(SH)]2+ and [L6Ni2S]+ are tested with respect to electrochemical proton reduction. Both complexes show catalytic activity and analytical investigations give a first insight into the mechanism of proton reduction. In this work, the structure and coordination motives of novel organometallic complexes are analyzed, their dynamics in solution are confirmed and the energy barriers of conformational changes and exchange kinetics at preorganized metal centers are determined. The new ligand system and its complexes give the possibility to investigate different kinds of reactivity and applications. In this thesis, a unique thiyl radical complex [L6Ni2(S∙)]2+ is obtained, which shows HAT reactivity and can be used as a model system for bioinorganic and chemical reactions. New systems and reactive species are presented, which allowed the contribution in the future to the areas of organometallic, bioinorganic chemistry and catalysis
Keywords: Copper NHC complexes; Dinickel NHC complexes; bioinorganic chemistry; organometallic chemistry; catalysis; BDFE; HAT