Why are sleep-inducing drugs frequently used in hospitals? Applying mixed-methods to understand a common practice and develop a complex intervention to change it
by Stephanie Heinemann
Date of Examination:2020-01-28
Date of issue:2020-03-06
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Himmel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Himmel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Friedemann Nauck
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Description:Dissertation Stephanie Heinemann
Abstract
English
Background. In spite of well-known adverse effects, sleep-inducing drugs, such as benzodi-azepines and Z-drugs, are frequently prescribed for patients who have trouble sleeping in the unfamiliar environment of a hospital. Aims. A tailored intervention should lead to a reduced and more appropriate use of sleep-inducing drugs. To prepare such an intervention, the Medical Research Council (MRC) rec-ommends gathering the best available evidence as the first step of its framework for design-ing and evaluating complex interventions. The goal of this thesis is to collect data from multi-ple perspectives to better understand the extent of sleep-inducing drug use in the hospital, the needs and experiences of patients and the perceptions and experiences of doctors and nurs-es. Methods. In a mixed-methods approach, data was collected about the prescription of sleep-inducing drugs in a regional general hospital as well as about the perceptions and experiences of doctors, nurses and patients. We used quantitative methods (e.g. chart reviews, standard-ized surveys) and qualitative methods (e.g. interviews) to gather a wide base of evidence about the use of sleep-inducing drugs in the hospital setting. Results. The results of six published articles as basis for this cumulative PhD thesis are as follows: the prescription of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) to induce sleep in hos-pital patients is a common practice; nearly 30% of older patients received at least one PIM during their hospital stay. Doctors and nurses have differing perceptions of the effects and side effects of sleep-inducing drugs and lack – especially with regards to Z-drugs – basic pharmacological knowledge about these drugs. Nurses report several factors that increase the inappropriate use of sleep-inducing drugs: patient demand, professional stress and uncer-tainty in the night, and barriers to the use of non-drug alternatives. Nearly 50% of all older hospital patients could remember receiving a sleep-inducing drug at least once during their hospital stay and one-third of these patients wished to continue taking these drugs to induce sleep after discharge. Discussion. These articles of the cumulative thesis document the extent of – and the rea-sons for – the problems with sleep-inducing drug use in the hospital setting. The discussion of these results with representatives from all hospital departments and professions stimulated several measures for a Sleep-friendly Hospital Initiative: this complex intervention included a standardized, interprofessional short sleep history at hospital admission, the provision of non-drug alternatives such as sleeping masks, herbal tea and ear plugs, a poster campaign for pa-tients and continuing education courses for hospital employees. The next steps, according to the MRC framework, should be a thorough evaluation of the intervention and to test the effec-tiveness of the intervention in other settings with a controlled study design.
Keywords: hypnotics and sedatives; sleep initiation and maintenance disorders; pharmacoepidemiology; surveys and questionnaires; drug utilization; prescription drug misuse/prevention and control; hospitals