Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation: From Fundamental Biophysics to Delivery of Nanosensors
by Daniel Meyer
Date of Examination:2019-06-26
Date of issue:2020-04-21
Advisor:Dr. Sebastian Kruss
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg Enderlein
Referee:Dr. Thomas Burg
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Abstract
English
Immune cells have remarkable properties. They are able to migrate long distances, cross dense cell barriers and use a wide range of tools to identify and fight foreign materials in our body. In this context, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), as their latest tool and a new type of cell death, has received much attention in the last years. During NETosis, leukocytes, such as neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils), undergo massive morphological changes leading to intracellular chromatin decondensation, membrane disruption and a final release of their nuclear content in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Even though many studies tried to elucidate these unique alterations, the general course of NETosis is still poorly understood. For this reason, this cumulative thesis investigated NETosis for the first time from a biophysical point of view, primarily to understand how the cell rearranges its interior and to identify physical driving forces behind the process. Furthermore, the insights of this research were utilized to transform neutrophils into carrier systems capable of uptaking, transporting and the releasing fluorescent nanosensors and a theoretical study was conducted that examined the best kinetic requirements for molecular imaging with these functional materials. In the first part of this thesis, the entropic pressure generated by the swelling chromatin network was identified as a driving force of NETosis. Using optical and mechanical approaches, the NETotic process could be classified into three distinct phases, including a first enzymatic/signaling driven state and a point of no return. Atomic force microscopy measurements further showed cytoskeletal degradation, which decreased both the cells Young’s modulus and membrane tension, while also revealing chromatin swelling forces that are capable of disrupting the weakened cell membrane. Therefore, this work was able to identify NETosis as a non-equilibrium process that is orchestrated by balancing forces of intracellular components. The second part further utilizes this perception of NETosis and transformed neutrophils into vehicles for material transport. Here, fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube nanosensors (SWCNTs), known for their ability to detect biological compounds, served as cargo. Remarkably, live-cell imaging experiments showed that stimulated neutrophils were still able to migrate and react to chemical/mechanical cues before releasing their intracellular content. Likewise, transported and released sensors were fully functional and detected small molecules (neurotransmitters, reactive oxygen species). Therefore, NETosis-based delivery could become a powerful approach in biomedical applications. Finally, the last part of this thesis evaluated the kinetics that nanosensors require to detect dynamic, chemical processes within biological systems. For this purpose, a theoretical framework based on kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations was generated and provided essential insights into the interplay of sensor/analyte interactions as well as their consequences on the optical output within molecular imaging processes.
Keywords: Active matter; Chromatin; Immune Cells; NETosis; Neutrophilic Granulocytes; Carbon Nanotubes; Sensors; Cargo Delivery; Monte-Carlo Simulations