Towards the identification and functional characterization of Verticillium effectors involved in xylem hyperplasia formation in Arabidopsis
by Leonie Weber
Date of Examination:2019-07-01
Date of issue:2020-05-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:PD Dr. Thomas Teichmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ivo Feußner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christiane Gatz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
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Abstract
English
Isolates of the vascular plant pathogen Verticillium spp. can be categorized according to the disease phenotypes they induce on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants (Thole 2016). While Arabidopsis plants show no obvious disease symptoms in response to inoculation with some Verticillium isolates (asymptomatic class), plants infected with wilting-class isolates are characterized by stunted growth and wilting symptoms accompanied by enhanced lignification of xylem elements (Reusche et al. 2014). Chlorosis-class isolates, on the other hand, trigger stunting, chlorosis and developmental reprogramming characterized by transdifferentiation of bundle sheath and xylem parenchyma cells into xylem elements and establishment of xylem hyperplasia (Reusche et al. 2012). The first aim of this thesis was to identify chlorosis-class specific candidate effectors that trigger developmental reprogramming in Arabidopsis. To this end, whole-genome comparison of wilting-class reference isolate V. dahliae JR2 and de novo sequenced chlorosis-class reference isolate V. dahliae V76 was conducted. Comparative genomics revealed V76-specific regions which were subsequently mined for putative effector candidates. Finally, four LINEAGE-SPECIFIC CANDIDATE EFFECTORs (LSCEs) were identified. LSCE2 was selected as the primary candidate for further investigation due to its high transcriptional induction in planta. Sequence analyses revealed two identical copies of LSCE2 in the genomes of haploid chlorosis-class reference isolates V. dahliae V76 and chlorosis-class allodiploid V. longisporum VL43. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that LSCE2 is located in a ~ 20 kb tandem-inverted LSCE region in both isolates. In total, six genes were predicted to be encoded in the LSCE region, including the transposable element-associated enzymes reverse transcriptase and a transposase. It was therefore hypothesized that transposable elements were involved in the evolution of the LSCE region. Analyses of a set of 15 V. dahliae and 10 V. longisporum isolates from all infection classes confirmed that LSCE2 is present exclusively in chlorosis-class isolates. In addition, it was demonstrated that all Verticillium spp. isolates harbor a single-copy homolog of LSCE2, here designated LSCE2-like, in their core genome. It is likely that LSCE2 arose from duplication and subsequent neofunctionalization from LSCE2-like. Next, it was investigated if LSCE2 is involved in the establishment of the chlorosis-class disease phenotype. To this end, LSCE2 single and double knockout lines in the V. dahliae V76 and V. longisporum VL43 background were generated. In addition, LSCE2 was expressed ectopically in the wilting-class reference isolate V. dahliae JR2. Deletion of both LSCE2 copies completely abolished chlorosis-class disease symptoms on Arabidopsis. Concomitantly, transgenic expression conferred the ability to induce chlorosis-class disease symptoms to V. dahliae JR2. Consequently, it can be postulated that the effector LSCE2 mediates developmental reprogramming of Arabidopsis in chlorosis-class Verticillium spp. infections. To further characterize protein properties of LSCE2, a His-tagged version of the protein was expressed and purified using the Pichia pastoris expression system and affinity chromatography. Remarkably, transdifferentiation and chlorosis were observed after infiltration of Arabidopsis leaves with the purified protein. In addition, Arabidopsis lines stably expressing the fluorescence-tagged fusion protein LSCE2-GFP were generated. Transgenic lines with different expression levels of LSCE2-GFP showed dosage-dependent induction of stunting, chlorosis and transdifferentiation of bundle sheath cells. Taken together, this work demonstrates that a single lineage-specific Verticillium effector molecule, LSCE2, induces the complex cell-type specific developmental reprogramming patterns characteristic for chlorosis-class Verticillium infections.
Keywords: Verticillium