Food product development with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) – Sensory profiling, product perception and consumer acceptance
by Stephanie Grahl
Date of Examination:2019-11-08
Date of issue:2020-07-09
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Daniel Mörlein
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ulrich Enneking
Referee:Dr. Klaus Dürrschmid
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Abstract
English
Sustainability in food production has become a dominant social issue, as the environmental impact of food production is inevitable. The focus is on animal foods, as their production re-quires many resources. In addition, current food production will reach planetary limits if the demand for food of a constantly growing world population has to be met. Since a sole in-crease in the productivity of existing systems is not sufficient, alternative food sources must be established and their suitability for human consumption must be investigated in order to secure food production in the future. Using the microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as an example, this dissertation shows how consumer-oriented product development can contribute to a sustainability transition, i.e. a change towards sustainable food production and nutrition. The microalga can be produced in Germany independent of arable land available and it is a promising food ingredient due to its nutrient content. Therefore, this PhD project aimed to investigate the suitability of spirulina for innovative foods that promote a meat-reduced diet using a mix of methods from qualitative and quantitative sensory research. The first study investigated the applicability of spirulina in extrusion by means of descriptive analysis using a trained sensory panel. According to a Design of Experiment (DoE), systematically varied extrusion parameters were examined with regard to their effects on the sensory properties of spirulina-soy-extrudates. The spirulina content in the extrudate, the screw speed of the extruder, the moisture content in the extrudate and the process temperature were investigated. It was found that high moisture resulted in a corresponding appearance; moist products produced a juicy and soft mouthfeel. High spirulina content resulted in black color, intense taste with earthy notes and a musty algae odor. Products with low spirulina content were elastic, fibrous and firm. As a result, possibilities for controlling the desired texture of future spirulina extrudates were derived: low moisture, high screw speed and temperature lead to firm and fibrous products with a distinct algae aroma. In a second step, expert interviews were conducted to identify promising product ideas which were consequently tested in an online survey. Preferences of consumers for three different product categories with the extrudate were investigated and the marketing opportunities based on the benefits sustainability, health and innovation were explored. A staple food (pasta), a product following the principle of "flavor pairing" (sushi) and a savory snack (jerky) were shown to 1035 consumers in Germany, the Netherlands and France on photos. Spirulina-filled pasta was preferred over the other two categories as pasta is generally very familiar. The data analysis showed a mediating effect of familiarity. This means that all three product categories are conceivable with spirulina, provided they would be equally well-known by consumers. In addition, health-promoting properties were appreciated most by consumers. Based on the results of the second study, various pasta variants in three flavors (lemon-basil, beet-ginger or tomato) with different contents of spirulina-soy-extrudate (10 %, 30 % or 50 %) were developed and examined in a sensory consumer test. 420 participants from Germany, the Netherlands and France were each served six out of a total of nine pasta variants to determine acceptance. The lemon-basil flavor was most accepted by consumers, followed by tomato and beet-ginger. It was also shown that an increase of the amount of spirulina-soy-extrudate in the filling led to a drop in acceptance. This implies that an increase in spirulina content causes a more pronounced algae flavor and requires further recipe adjustment. In order to derive recommendations for the recipe adjustment, sensory profiling of the pasta variants was done and the objective evaluation was linked to consumer liking. It turned out that the sensory perception caused by spirulina (algal smell and taste, earthy smell and black appearance of the filling) should be reduced to increase consumer acceptance. In summary, the research in this dissertation shows that spirulina is suitable to contribute to a meat-reduced diet. Familiar product categories make it easier for consumers to accept novel products. If higher contents of the spirulina-soy-extrudate are to be processed, recipe optimization is necessary. The present dissertation offers sufficient starting points for product and recipe improvement.
Keywords: Sensory analysis; Consumer science; Microalgae; Alternative protein sources; High moisture extrusion