Interplay of Verticillium signaling genes favoring beneficial or detrimental outcomes in interactions with plant hosts
by Jessica Starke
Date of Examination:2019-07-22
Date of issue:2020-07-14
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Heimel
Referee:Prof. Ph.D. James Kronstad
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Description:Dissertation Jessica Starke
Abstract
English
Verticillia and their plant hosts both contribute to pathogenesis as a consequence of their interaction. Evolution-driven genome extension includes hybridization, resulting in amphidiploid species as the rapeseed pathogen Verticillium longisporum and the acquirement of Lineage Specific (LS) regions in haploid Verticillia. Whether a fungus-plant interaction results in pathogenicity or reduced susceptibility of the host depends on mutual exchange of secreted signals, their perception and intracellular transduction pathways. The genome of the haploid tomato pathogen V. dahliae JR2 includes an LS region with several genes for putative transcription factors, which is not required for virulence. Hybrid pathogenic V. longisporum isolates Vl43 or Vl145c contain the homologous Vl43LS20kb region, which is absent in the non-symptomatic hybrid Vl32. Deletion of this region in V. longisporum Vl43 led to a hypervirulent phenotype in rapeseed, suggesting a function in reducing virulence as well as susceptibility of the host plant. The Fus3/Kss1-like V. dahliae MAP kinase Vmk1 plays an essential role in regulating virulence in plants. Intracellular transduction pathways can be insulated by scaffold proteins for maintenance of specificity. The V. dahliae MAPK scaffold protein Ham5, homologous to Neurospora crassa HAM-5, has not yet been analyzed in plant pathogens. Deletion of V. dahliae HAM5 allowed wild type-like development, whereas deletion of the upstream MAP2K MEK2 reduced vegetative growth and microsclerotia formation as deletion of VMK1. MEK2 and VMK1 deletion strains were re-isolated from plant tissue, supporting their potential to invade tomato plants. Both displayed defects in induction of disease symptoms. HAM5 deletion strains induced wild type-like disease symptoms in planta. Therefore, the Vmk1/Mek2 MAPK signaling pathway-mediated regulation of vegetative growth, microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity is independent from the scaffold protein Ham5 and does not require its insulation function in V. dahliae. Plant invasion and immune suppression require secretion of correctly folded proteins monitored by the Hac1-controlled unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. The bZIP transcription factor Hac1 is essential for virulence of the necrotrophic appressoria-forming ascomycete Alternaria brassicicola or of the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis. V. dahliae HAC1 mRNA appears in two splice variants HAC1u (uninduced) and HAC1i (induced), where only HAC1i was translated into a protein. HAC1 deletion caused significantly decreased vegetative growth, conidiation and impaired microsclerotia formation. ΔHAC1 could penetrate and initiate colonization of the root cortex of Arabidopsis thaliana, but induced only minor disease symptoms in tomato plants. Different to the MAPK deletion strains, ΔHAC1 could not be re-isolated from plant stems, corroborating deficiency in propagation within the plant. Constitutively active UPR led to increased microsclerotia formation and induced strong disease symptoms in planta. In conclusion, V. dahliae HAC1 is an important regulator of growth and differentiation with strong impact on virulence and susceptibility. Virulence is connected to fungal hormones. Fungal oxylipins control differentiation processes, secondary metabolite production or manipulation of plant host defense responses. The Ode1 oleate ∆12-fatty acid desaturase is localized to intracellular membranes and catalyzes the oxidation of oleic acid to linoleic acid as major oxylipin precursor. V. dahliae ODE1 deletion resulted in decreased vegetative growth and microsclerotia formation. However, the defect in ODE1 had minor impact on fungal virulence. In summary, the outcome of a fungus-plant interaction as result of a complex interplay of virulence enhancing and reducing mechanisms was analyzed: Lineage Specific insertions can be beneficial for the plant, single enzymes for linoleic acid production as precursor of oxylipins can make a minor contribution, whereas Hac1-regulated UPR or the scaffoldindependent pheromone response MAPK pathway are crucial for pathogenicity.
Keywords: Verticillium longisporum, Verticillium dahliae, plant pathogen, unfolded protein response, lineage specific region, MAPK signaling, Ham5 scaffold, oleate ∆12-fatty acid desaturase, microsclerotia, resting structures, virulence