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Technical efficiency, technical change and return to scale of rice, maize and agricultural production in Vietnam

dc.contributor.advisorYu, Xiaohua Prof. Dr.
dc.contributor.authorTran, Duc Tri
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-14T14:55:27Z
dc.date.available2020-07-14T14:55:27Z
dc.date.issued2020-07-14
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1419-9
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.53846/goediss-8069
dc.language.isoengde
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc630de
dc.titleTechnical efficiency, technical change and return to scale of rice, maize and agricultural production in Vietnamde
dc.typedoctoralThesisde
dc.contributor.refereeBrümmer, Bernhard Prof. Dr.
dc.date.examination2019-04-25
dc.description.abstractengThe rapid growth of human population has impacted on global food security, development and health. Therefore, efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals of reducing poverty and hunger needs to particularly focus on the critical linkages between agriculture, nutrition, health and poverty reduction. Agriculture plays a significant role in largely agro-dependent developing economies as a source of livelihood to the rural population, foreign exchange earner and source of food to the growing populations. Recent statistics estimate the world population at 7.6 billion by mid 2017, an estimate projected to double by year 2050. Interestingly, about 60 percent of the population is from Asia and largely reside in rural areas with farming as main occupation. This put pressure on land and other natural resources to feed the growing population amid dwindling rich arable lands as a result of rapid urbanization. The agriculture sector in many of the Asian countries, just as in other developing countries is challenged by increased land fragmentation and dwindling productivity trends over the years. Vietnam, one of the Southeast Asian countries, continues to face these difficulties in the agricultural sector. The country however has emerged from the challenges of food security as a net importer of major staples in the 1980s such as rice and maize to net exporters of various agricultural commodities, courtesy of the ‘Doi Moi’ revolution of 1986 that changed Vietnam from a centrally planned to open market economy. This was accompanied by institutional changes facilitated by the Directive 100CT/TW of 1981 and the Resolution 10 of 1988 that transformed Vietnam’s agriculture and related sectors. The changes ushered in policies that initiated significant structural transformation in the sector that saw labour movement out of agriculture to the feeder industries. By 2016, the proportion of labour in agriculture had fallen from 63 percent at the turn of the millennium to 42 percent. Despite the structural transformation, agriculture still contributes significantly to Vietnam’s GDP at 15 percent, as a major source of employment to largely rural population and as a source of food security. Two major agricultural commodities stand out in Vietnam agriculture, rice and maize as staples and major sources of food security, incomes among farm households and raw materials to processing industries. The crops grow on relatively small yet increasingly fragmented pieces of lands of about 1.5 ha on average. This has had major implications on agricultural production in terms of efforts to increase yields, productivity and efficiency in the small farm sector that contributes more than 70 percent of aggregate agricultural production. Both crop and livestock productions are also significantly affected by climate change and land scarcity in Vietnam. Despite significant investments to improve agricultural production and productivity in Vietnam over the years, crop and livestock productivity and efficiency in production, as well as returns to scale on agriculture remain low. While many studies have looked at these aspects in agricultural production in many developing countries, analysis of technical efficiency (TE) and overall returns to scale on agriculture has received much less attention particularly in terms of innovative approaches to analyze efficiency using panel data. This is even more pronounced in the context of Vietnam where return to scale, TE and drivers of technical inefficiency are scarcely studied using panel data. The dissertation seeks to fill the knowledge gaps using the case of Vietnam by analyzing the returns to scale in Vietnam agriculture (crop and livestock production), TE in rice and maize production and drivers of technical inefficiency in the production of agriculture sector and particularly these two crops. We innovatively employ a combination of stochastic frontier distance functions, stochastic frontier and Tobit models on 5-waves panel data from smallholder farmers between 2008 and 2016. The data comprised Vietnam Access to Resources Household Surveys (VARHS). The dissertation is an amalgamation of three related papers on the aforementioned topics as follows. Paper 1 presents findings from analysis of TE, technical change, and return to scale in Vietnam Agriculture in the period 2008-2016 as well as identifying the factors affecting the technical inefficiency using four models of output distance functions and Tobit on panel data of 487 households in each of the five rounds of survey. The findings show that the level of TE of Vietnam agricultural is 89.29%, of which, the highest belongs to Lao Cai province, followed by Lai Chau and the lowest is Phu Tho province. The average technical change for the whole study period tends to decrease by 4.43%. The result of elasticity estimation indicates that all inputs take positive impact on increasing the value of agricultural output in Vietnam. In which, land plays the biggest role, followed by intermediate cost and labour. Return to scale is estimated to be 78.49% and tends to increase during the study period. The study also shows that the ethnicity of household head effects positively on TE while the number of household members and land fragmentation negatively influence TE The second paper focuses on TE in rice production using stochastic frontier models on panel data of 1555 households in each of the five rounds of survey and investigate the drivers of TE using Tobit model. Log-likelihood ratio (LR) test is used to select the optimal model. The results show that TE score of Vietnam is 92.62% and increases over the study period. There are TE differences among the six economic sectors, the highest is the North Central Coast, followed by the Red River Delta and the lowest is the Central Highland. The results of the output elasticity estimate indicate that all inputs positively influence the value of rice production, with hectarage under rice being is the most significant, followed by other inputs such as fertilizer, seed, labour, other costs and pesticide, herbicide. Return to scale is 92% and tends to increase during the study period. Analysis of technical change shows that the production frontier function of rice production tends to increase 1.06% in each period. From 2006 to 2016, TFP growth is 4.29%. The results also show that the gender and level of education (most educated) of the household head, irrigation and land fragmentation index positively and significantly influence TE whereas ethnicity of household head negatively influences TE. The third paper analyzes TE and risk in maize production in the North Eastern of Vietnam and related drivers using a combination of Just and Pope's stochastic production and stochastic frontier models. A balanced panel data collected every 2 years from 2008 to 2016 among 435 maize households is used. Similarly, LR test is used to select the most optimal model. Results from marginal output risk analysis indicate that land, labour, pesticide and herbicides increase the likelihood of output variances, while seed, fertilizer and other costs reduce the variances. Gender of household head and household size positively and significantly influence TE in maize production. Contrary to the findings on rice, gender and level of education (most educated) of the household head, irrigation and disaster indices negatively influence TE. The average TE of maize production in the North West is 82.75% and increased steadily over the period and by 1-2%. The highest TE is observed in Dien Bien province, followed by Lao Cai and the lastly is Lai Chau. Research gives some recommendations to increase maize production, to eliminate technical inefficiencies, and to minimize the impact of risk during production.de
dc.contributor.coRefereeFeil, Jan-henning Prof. Dr.
dc.subject.engTechnical efficiencyde
dc.subject.engTechnical changede
dc.subject.engReturn to scalede
dc.subject.engTotal factor productivityde
dc.subject.engRicede
dc.subject.engVietnam Agriculturede
dc.subject.engOutput distance functionde
dc.subject.engRice farming in Vietnamde
dc.subject.engStochastic frontierde
dc.subject.engTechnical inefficiencyde
dc.subject.engProduction riskde
dc.subject.engMaize farmingde
dc.identifier.urnurn:nbn:de:gbv:7-21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1419-9-0
dc.affiliation.instituteFakultät für Agrarwissenschaftende
dc.subject.gokfullLand- und Forstwirtschaft (PPN621302791)de
dc.identifier.ppn1724790900


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