Composition and compositional zoning of olivine as a tracer for pre-eruptive magmatic processes: Application to Piton de la Fournaise, Laacher See, and Shiveluch volcano
by Caren Sundermeyer
Date of Examination:2020-06-03
Date of issue:2020-08-12
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Di Muro
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Weyer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack
Referee:Dr. Andreas Kronz
Referee:Dr. Burkhard Schmidt
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Abstract
English
This dissertation deals with the reconstruction of pre-eruptive magmatic processes with respect to their timescales. Deep recharges of mafic magma into shallower reservoirs and subsequent magma mixing are assumed to play a key role in triggering eruptions. The timespan between mixing and eruption is therefore a crucial factor to answer the question how fast magmatic systems can reactivate and erupt. Timing of magmatic processes and chemical composition of interacting magmas are archived in the zoning of crystals. This study uses zoned olivine crystals as a tool to track pre-eruptive recharge and mixing events of magmas and characterize the interacting magmas with respect to their composition for three different volcanic settings: (1) the subduction-related basaltic volcanism at Shiveluch, Kamchatka, (2) the basaltic hot-spot volcano Piton de la Fournaise on La Réunion, and (3) the alkaline intraplate volcanic field of the Eifel in western Germany with basanitic to phonolitic magma compositions. Olivine crystals in clasts from a maar deposit of Shiveluch volcano, Kamchatka, were analyzed with line profiles at the electron microprobe to track crystal histories. High-Fo olivine cores (Fo86-91) show complex zoning with a normal zoned core, a dissolution boundary, and a rim overgrowth (Fo90). The normal zoned cores are interpreted as result from magma mixing, subsequent dissolution, and partial re-equilibration, whereas the overgrowths represent crystallization subsequent to magma mixing and during ascent. Diffusion modeling of Mg-Fe and Ni reveal times of 100-2000 days for the partial equilibration of olivine cores, but only 1-10 days since the rim overgrowth formed indicating that the ascent of mafic arc magmas can occur quite fast. At Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion, olivine crystals were analyzed in basaltic samples from three small and one large eruption occurring during the eruptive cycle 2014-2015 after nearly four years of inactivity. Magmas erupted during the small eruptions in June 2014, February, May, and July 2015 were evolved basalts and became increasingly more mafic during the large August-November 2015 eruptions. Olivine cores show variable compositions (Fo73.2-85.1), whereas the rims have similar compositions in every sample, which are in equilibrium with the host melt in which the crystals were erupted. Olivine crystals from small eruptions in June 2014 and May 2015 have only short diffusion times of days to few months. Combined with the more evolved magma compositions and associated shallow seismicity, this indicates that the small eruptions were fed from more shallow magma batches after recharge. In contrast, olivine crystals in lavas from the large August-November 2015 eruption started re-equilibration during three distinct episodes days up to seven months prior to the eruptions in June 2014, February 2015, and in the time between the eruptions in July and August-November. The correlation to deep seismic signals and the eruption of increasingly more mafic magmas during the large August-November eruption indicate that mafic magmas intruded periodically into the central reservoir of Piton de la Fournaise since the beginning of 2014. These deep recharges and the associated mixing and diffusion are simultaneous to the smaller eruptions of more evolved magmas from shallow levels. However, these deeper stored, more mafic magmas themselves were not erupted until during the large August-November eruption. The Eifel Volcanic Fields in the western part of Germany formed by Quaternary, alkaline intraplate volcanism, with the most voluminous eruption taking place at 12.900 yrs BP at Laacher See. We analyzed olivine crystals in nine samples from the mafic phonolite of the Upper Laacher See tephra. The mafic phonolite is deemed to be a hybrid resulting from magma mixing and mingling between the more evolved phonolite of the Laacher See magma chamber and an intruding basanite. Diffusion profiles of Mg-Fe, Mn, Ca, and Ni were modeled in olivine from Laacher See and two basanite samples from Rothenberg and Eppelsberg. Furthermore, olivine crystals in basanite and nephelinite samples from the East and West Eifel were analyzed with point measurements to determine chemical similarities to the basanite, which acted as Mg-rich mixing endmember during the magma mixing at Laacher See volcano. Olivine from hybrid clasts of the Upper Laacher See tephra show reverse zoning with variable core compositions (Fo83-89) overgrown by uniform and more forsteritic (Fo87.5-89) rims. The olivine crystals from the East Eifel basanite samples have a similar zoning pattern and core compositions (Fo80-88) but less forsteritic rims (Fo83-88). This indicates that the basanite intruding into the Laacher See magma chamber was Mg-richer than any other basanite that were erupted from basanitic scoria cones in the East Eifel. In contrast, olivine crystals in the nephelinite samples from the West-Eifel are normal zoned, have Fo-richer cores (Fo86-92) and similar rim compositions as olivine from Laacher See hybrid clasts (Fo87.5-91.5). Diffusion times for olivine from the Laacher See samples are less than 50 days to max. 410 days for the time between basanite-phonolite hybridization and eruption. Our approach to diffusion modeling is a maximum estimate. This implies that a long-lived, highly differentiated magmatic system such as Laacher See magma reservoir can be reactivated and erupt within months. In contrast, diffusion times of olivine from the basanitic samples are remarkably longer with up to 490 days.
Keywords: Olivine; Zoning; Timescales; Diffusion; Mixing