Aspergillus fumigatus F-box protein Fbx15 functions are dependent on its nuclear localisation signals and are partially conserved between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans
by Anja Abelmann
Date of Examination:2020-03-16
Date of issue:2020-09-08
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Heimel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralph Kehlenbach
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Abstract
English
Aspergillus fumigatus is a globally distributed opportunistic filamentous fungal pathogen mainly found in compost and represents the main cause of pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Fungal development and virulence require a highly controlled balance of regulatory protein biosynthesis, posttranslational modification and degradation for signal transduction and DNA maintenance to colonise various habitats and hosts. F-box proteins are part of the Skp1/A-Cullin -F-Box (SCF) ubiquitin RING ligase complex acting as substrate receptors for target proteins, which become posttranslational ubiquitinated for 26S proteasome mediated degradation. The Aspergillus-specific F-Box protein Fbx15 was initially described in Aspergillus nidulans as developmentally relevant protein. A. fumigatus Fbx15 is needed for the regulation of secondary metabolism such as the control of gliotoxin synthesis, as well as stress response and pathogenicity. A. fumigatus Fbx15 is unusual because a function in protein ubiquitination through SCFFbx15 complex was not yet identified, but it is required for the nuclear localisation of the essential co-repressor subunit SsnF. A. fumigatus Fbx15 carries two predicted nuclear localisation signals (NLS) within its primary amino acid sequence. This study had three issues: (i) The functions of Fbx15 and putative interaction partners were compared between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. (ii) It was analysed whether Fbx15-mediated stress response and virulence of A. fumigatus depends on its control of the synthesis of gliotoxin or other mycotoxins. (iii) The molecular function of the two NLS of A. fumigatus Fbx15 and their impact on SsnF localisation was explored. (i) This study revealed a partial overlap in the functions of the two Aspergillus Fbx15 counterparts. Both heterologous expressed Fbx15 proteins complemented each other’s functions in secondary metabolite control and in Fbx15-mediated A. nidulans asexual and sexual development regulation. In contrast, A. nidulans Fbx15 is only partially required for stress response contrary to the crucial role in stress response of A. fumigatus Fbx15. Analysis of the interplay of Fbx15 with the transcription factors OefC and SrbB, the putative transcription factor FiAt, and the putative part of a F-type ATPase, FidA, did not elucidate a clear link to Fbx15 functions in development, stress response and/or pathogenicity. (ii) A. fumigatus Fbx15 is not only required for the regulation gliotoxin, but also for the biosynthesis of the mycotoxin fumagillin at vegetative growth. A. fumigatus Fbx15-dependent regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis is dispensable for Fbx15-mediated stress response at minimal growth and pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella model. (iii) Either A. fumigatus Fbx15 NLS1 or NLS2 are sufficient to support nuclear import of Fbx15 during vegetative growth under non-stress conditions. NLS1 is insensitive against stress when NLS2 is absent. NLS2 is required to exclude Fbx15 from the nuclear matrix to the nuclear periphery during oxidative stress. NLS2 is also sufficient to locate SsnF to the nuclear matrix in the absence of stress, and to the nuclear periphery with stress, whereas the sole presence of NLS1 results in constitutive nuclear SsnF. Therefore, NLS2 is the stress-responding element to control and shift the distribution of Fbx15 and of SsnF from the nuclear matrix to the periphery presumably to release the fungal cell from SsnF dependent gene repression. Fbx15 phosphorylation represents an additional layer of location control, which is not relevant during non-stress conditions. Fbx15 phosphorylation or dephosphorylation do not require intact NLS1- or NLS2 sequences. Fbx15 cellular location during oxidative stress depends on the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation status at residue S468|9. The major finding of this thesis is the identification of A. fumigatus NLS2 as control element to exclude Fbx15 and simultaneously the corepressor SsnF from the nuclear matrix during oxidative stress resulting in derepression of genes e.g. for mycotoxin formation.
Keywords: F-box; Fbx15; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus nidulans; nuclear localisation signal; NLS; development; oxidative stress response