Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition and Ectomycorrhizal Interaction on Populus x canescens Xylem Sap Composition and Defense
by Karl Kasper
Date of Examination:2020-09-04
Date of issue:2020-10-15
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ivo Feussner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:PD Dr. Till Ischebeck
Referee:PD Dr. Marcel Wiermer
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Abstract
English
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macro-nutrient for plant growth and development. Inorganic N is taken up by plant roots as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-). Roots of tree species are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi, which promote plant N supply. Once taken up, nitrogen is transported from the roots to the shoots via the xylem sap. The availability of N as well as the mutualistic interaction with mycorrhizal fungi can influence plant resistance towards pests and pathogens. It is unknown, if the availability of nitrate or ammonium in the nutrient solution affect the composition of the xylem sap, resulting different defense reactions in leaves. It is further unknown, if mycorrhizal interactions recruit nutrient signals to affect the defense of leaves. The main goal of this work was to analyze the influence of N availability and mycorrhizal interaction on the xylem sap composition of a tree species in a multi-omics approach. For this purpose, two experimental approaches were chosen: Populus x canescens plants were cultivated (a) with different concentrations of NH4+ or NO3- and (b) with or without interaction with ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF) Laccaria bicolor. To comprehensively study the xylem sap composition, we used targeted and non-targeted metabolome analyses, proteome analyses with a label-free quantification approach, and spectrophotometric tests for nitrate, ammonium and protein analysis. We studied the leaf transcriptome by RNA sequencing to get insights into systemic plant responses to the treatments. To investigate plant resistance towards pathogens, we developed bioassays for a leaf and a vascular pathogen employing the necrotrophic fungus Marssonina castagnei and the biotrophic bacterium Brennaria salicis. We addressed the following questions: i) How does the availability of different N forms and concentrations or ectomycorrhizal symbiosis influence the xylem sap composition? ii) Are systemic defense responses induced by varying N supply or interaction with EMF? iii) Do different N availabilities and ectomycorrhizal interaction influence resistance of leaves towards M. castagnei and attenuate growth B. salicis in xylem sap. i) P. x canescens xylem sap proteome and metabolome were severely influenced by different N availabilities. Increasing N concentrations led to accumulation of xylem sap proteins, while not altering the xylem sap proteome functionality. The abundance of secondary metabolites in xylem sap decreased while primary metabolites increased with increasing N availability. The effect of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis was less intense but revealed differentially accumulated proteins and metabolites, known to be involved in long-distance stress signaling. Functional analyses of these candidate compounds are required in the future. ii) Nitrogen concentrations and forms influenced the leaf transcriptomes. Low NO3- treatment mainly induced responses following the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway while high N treatments induced jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent responses. Axenic co-cultivation of poplar with L. bicolor induced transcriptional responses of genes assigned to SA-, JA- and JA/Ethylene(ETH)-dependent defense signaling, preparing the plant for the attack by herbivores or microbial pathogens. iii) We successfully established a test system adapted to investigate bacterial growth in very low amounts of sample since xylem sap availability is a limiting factor. We found that high ammonium nutrition significantly enhanced bacterial growth in xylem sap compared with xylem sap of nitrate-fed poplar plants. The influence of ectomycorrhizal interaction on bacterial growth in xylem sap was low. We further established a detached leaf assay to test P. x canescens resistance towards a necrotrophic pathogen, filling a gap in poplar research. Preliminary results suggest that nitrogen availability has a low or no effect on disease severity caused by M. castagnei. In conclusion, the presented work generated the most comprehensive xylem sap analysis in a tree species and provides novel information on the flexibility of xylem sap composition in response to changes in N nutrition and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. The results give valuable insights in xylem sap functionality and adaptation to environmental changes. Leaf transcriptome data revealed systemic induction of poplar defense responses by nutrition and mycorrhizal treatments. The development of two P. x canescens pathogen test systems are valuable tools for future research and can be used for poplar breeding programs.
Keywords: Poplar; Ectomycorrhiza; Xylem sap; Defense; Populus; transcriptome; metabolome; proteome