Composition, degradation and stabilization of soil organic matter along an elevation gradient of Mount Kilimanjaro
by Emanueli Mathayo Ndossi
Date of Examination:2019-12-20
Date of issue:2020-12-21
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Michaela Dippold
Referee:Dr. Joscha Nico Becker
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sandra Spielvogel
Referee:Dr. Matthias Gube
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Abstract
English
Understanding the complex biotic and abiotic drivers of carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, especially in the soils of tropical mountainous ecosystems, is essential to the management of ecosystem services provided by them. Mt. Kilimanjaro contains volcanic soils with huge stocks of soil organic matter (SOM), which support the human population at its surrounding area. Increasing population, successively intensified land-use and climate changes have intensified the pressure on Mt. Kilimanjaro’s soils and continuously increased degradation processes. The threat ranges from biochemical and physical to social economics factors and causes progressive deterioration of the unique mountain ecosystems. The need for understanding the interactions between biochemical and physical processes driving SOM decomposition and stabilization and its impacts on nutrient cycling in this ecosystem is the motivation for this research. The research was conducted on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, which includes agricultural and natural ecosystems from 700-4600 meter above sea level (a.s.l). Ten ecosystems (representative for common natural vegetation and management practices) were studied along the elevation gradient. These ecosystems reached from savanna (700-1100 m), maize fields (886- 1009 m), coffee plantation (1124- 1648 m), grassland (1303- 1748 m), Chagga homegarden (1169- 1788 m), lower montane forest (1100- 1800 m), Ocotea forest (1800- 2800 m), Podocarpus forest (2800- 3200 m), Erica forest (3200- 4000 m) and alpine Helichrysum vegetation (4000- 4600 m a.s.l.). The first objective of this thesis was to elucidate the composition of SOM along the elevation gradient from 900 to 4200 m a.s.l. to reconstruct origin and decomposition stage of SOM. The second objective was to assess the impact of land-use change and management practices on the kinetics of four enzymes involved in decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) in the top- (0-10 cm) and subsoil (20-30 cm) from six ecosystems, (semi-) natural and agricultural (managed) ones. The third objective was to analyze the soil aggregate size distribution for ecosystems along the elevation and land-use gradients for the top soils (0-10 cm) to identify possible effects on SOM stabilization, degradation state, and erosion resistance.. The quality and quantity of lignin and sugars were assessed from savanna to alpine Helichrysum (900-4200 m a. s. l). Total lignin i.e. vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl (VSC) and sugars contents in topsoil (0-10 cm) both peaked at mid-elevation ecosystems (2000-3000 m), following generally the trend of SOC content in these ecosystems. The ratio of microbial-derived to plant-derived sugars, assessed by the galactose + mannose to arabinose + xylose ratio (GM/AX ratio), was similar at all mid-elevation ecosystems. The portion of microbial derived sugars significantly decreased in lowest and highest ecosystems (savannah and Helichrysum), where microbes were facing growth limitations e.g. by drought or temperature. In these two ecosystems, the ratio of vanillic acid to vanillyl aldehyde (Ac/Alv), reflecting lignin decomposition status, was lowest as well. However, low Ac/Alv ratios were also found in grassland and Ocotea forest, suggesting that lignin degradation in these ecosystems is hampered by additional factors e.g. nutrient limitation. The effect of changing environmental conditions on maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant (Km) of four extracellular hydrolytical enzymes (β-galactosidase, cellobiohydrolase, phosphatase and chitinase) in top- and subsoil was determined by Michaelis-Menten kinetics using fluorogenic substrates. The affinity of enzymes to substrates was higher in soils of natural compared to agricultural ecosystems: i.e. higher under forests than under cropland. The maximum activity of β-galactosidase, cellobiohydrolase and chitinase enzyme were highest in lower mountain forest and grassland i.e. less disturbed ecosystems. Changes in land use and management practice did not only affect enzyme activity but also controlled enzyme kinetics (Km and Ka) thus pointing towards the expression of different enzyme systems. The alteration of carbon and nutrients cycling affected microbial activities and enzymes catalytic properties which were mainly related to anthropogenic effects. Top soils from 12 representative ecosystems (5 agricultural and 7 natural) at Mt. Kilimanjaro were analyzed using dry-sieving and separated into three fractions: large macro aggregates (2-5 mm), small macro aggregates (0.25-1 mm) and micro-aggregates (<0.25 mm). Large macro aggregates were strongly affected by land-use and also changed significantly along the elevation gradient in comparison to micro aggregates. The percentage of large macro aggregates decreased with higher land-use intensity. In the colline zone, land-use change from savanna to maize fields decreased the percentage of large macro aggregates by 50%. In the lower montane zone, large macro aggregate percentage tended to decrease from 30.6% in forests to 20.3% in coffee plantations. Along the elevation gradient, large macro aggregate percentage in natural ecosystems increased up to 63.5% at mid-elevation (2000-3000 m a.s.l.) and declined towards higher elevations. Large macro aggregates were sensitive to disturbances and land-use intensification rapidly reduced their abundance. This may have severe consequences, as breakdown of large macro aggregates through land-use intensification could further reduce the potential of soils to act a carbon sink and increase degradation and erodibility of these soils. Especially at mid-elevation, where lignin and sugar data suggest high-input high-decomposition dynamic of SOM, the de-stabilization of macro-aggregates, stabilizing the fresh input of SOM, might have most severe impact on SOM losses. In contrast, at high and low elevation ecosystems, where temperature limitations and droughts have high impact, climate change might mostly endanger the SOM stocks. In the colline and lower montane zone, where anthropogenic use was studied, the impacts on biogeochemical processes were evident and enzyme data suggested shifts in microbial activity, community and enzyme systems for SOM decomposition – all indicators of a severe impact of the land use forms on the natural biogeochemical cycles which by far exceed solely the decomposition of SOM and loss of SOC. This thesis unravels the sensitive interaction of biotic actors and abiotic factors controlling biogeochemical cycles at Mt. Kilimanjaro and suggest not only the preference for less intensive management forms of these ecosystems but also points towards the need of a thorough observation of the biogeochemical cycles of these sensitive tropical mountain ecosystems facing the challenges of global change.
Keywords: Soil organic matter; lignin monomers; Kilimanjaro ecosystem; biomarkers composition; soil aggregate size; catalytic efficiency; dry sieving; agricultural practices