Determinants of Child Development in India
by Liza von Grafenstein
Date of Examination:2020-06-25
Date of issue:2021-03-29
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stephan Klasen
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer
Referee:Prof. Dr. John Hoddinott
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Abstract
English
To overcome poverty, strengthening human development is crucial. However, today 250 million children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are likely not to attain their full development potential. To overcome the obstacles to optimal human development, this dissertation examines the effect of determinants on the child, parent, school, or country level that determine child development. The first essay questions the robustness of parental preferences as the main determinants of the height gap between children in India and sub-Saharan Africa as Jayachandran & Pande (2017) [J+P] claim. In this replication and extension, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of J+P's model considering more recent data, weights, and additional controls: macro-determinants such as female education, household prosperity, open defecation, and the consumption of animal sourced foods. We show that the birth order gradient is shallower and can only explain a small share of the height difference using data from around 2015 or weights. The additional macro-determinants contribute to explaining the height gap. The second essay poses the question if timing and duration of the use of fortified foods in school lunches determine child development. This essay presents the results of a follow-up study to a randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention that provides double-fortified salt [DFS] to government schools in Bihar. We find that children who receive DFS for almost 4 years have higher hemoglobin levels. Children with DFS exposure only in early childhood have also increased hemoglobin levels and reduced likelihood of suffering from moderate or severe anemia than children who only receive DFS briefly for 4 months in later childhood. The results show that a public nutrition intervention can determine child health outcomes. The third essay investigates how market returns to investments and parents’ perception thereof interacted with child endowments determine parental investments in children in India. Though research has examined the effects and causes of son preference in India widely, studies fail to cleanly identify the underlying reasons for lower parental investments in daughters. Our lab-in-the-field experiment reveals that parents react to different market settings: parents invest almost 10 percent less of the initial endowment in their children under competition. Further, parents’ investments decrease by more than a quarter of the initial endowment once their own child competes against a boy. Market returns determine parental investments in children and so child development.
Keywords: Adolescents; Anemia; Beliefs; Child growth; Cognition; Competition; Developing countries; Double-fortified salt; Education; Gender; Height; India; Intergenerational transmission of health; Investment; Lab-in-the-field; Nutrition; Parental preferences; Returns to education; School children; School feeding; sub-Saharan Africa