Antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads cause evasion of the plant pathogen Verticillium by controlling hyphal growth and polarity
von Kai Nesemann geb. Schaedle
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2021-01-12
Erschienen:2021-04-09
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Oliver Gailing
Dateien
Name:Nesemann_phD_2020_e-diss.pdf
Size:7.98Mb
Format:PDF
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Abstract Soil borne phytopathogenic Verticillia constitute increasing yield losses. Due to a lack of resistant cultivars as well as appropriate fungicides, the usage of biocontrol agents like fluorescent pseudomonads might be a promising option to ecologically manage the pest. The impact of different mycotoxins against Verticillium is highly media dependent. Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM8569, an isolate from B. napus rhizosphere, is able to inhibit fungal growth on surfaces of rich medium containing high glucose independent of phenazines or GacA/GacS-regulated toxins but not on a complex medium with plant pectins and amino acids. In microfluidic interaction channels, this inhibitive potential has been quantified to 80 % growth reduction. An impact of a phenazine gene cluster on Verticillium growth on surface media could only be determined in a glucose environment. In microchannels filled with liquid pectins and amino acids, a phenazine gene cluster could increase the suppressive potential of the bacterium for about 30 %. An influence on Verticillium growth by genes responsible for single mycotoxins of a GacA/GacS regulation could not be proven. The sensor kinase GacS (a global regulator) as well as the response regulator GacA fulfill essential functions for fungal control especially on pectins and amino acids with an inhibition potential of approx. 30 %. In total, the entire regulation system leads to the strongest observed fungal suppression in this study of more than 90 %. Hyphal polarity has been altered in presence of the bacterium. The strongest effect was observed for P. protegens CHA0 potentially expressing a diverse mycotoxin cocktail resulting in more than 80 % curled hyphal tips compared to parallel hyphae in the fungal control without bacterium. This phenomenon might be interpreted as an evading strategy followed by Verticillium that tries to escape the bacterial impact. Fungal genetic response was addressed by sequencing the Verticillium transcriptome after co-cultivation with P. protegens CHA0. About one third of the total gene set was up-regulated in presence of the bacterium, including genes involved in detoxification possibly as a direct reaction to bacterial toxicity. The fungus presumably follows a detoxification and evasion strategy and drives back processes required for nutrient up-take like plant polysaccharide hydrolases associated to its reduced growth activity. In summary it can be considered, that in a static environment Verticillia have developed strategies to physically avoid fluorescent Pseudomonas by adapting their growth rates and by changing their growth direction. Transferring these findings gained from an artificial setup in a microfluidic confrontation design to the natural heterogeneous environment in the rhizosphere with areas of diverse suppressivness, Verticillium might potentially escape from a threatening to a more appropriate ecological niche for survival and to approach new host plant roots for infection. If evasion is no option for the fungus, like it is during artificial agitated co-cultivation or under natural conditions in the soil being located in a very widely spread Pseudomonas population, Verticillium possibly utilizes its capability to detoxify antifungal toxins to cope with bacterial antagonism.
Keywords: Verticillium; Pseudomonas; biocontrol; RNAseq; gacA/gacS