Combining landscape genetics and movement ecology to assess functional connectivity for red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
von Hendrik Edelhoff
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2020-07-08
Erschienen:2021-06-15
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Gutachter:Dr. Christian Pd Roos
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wiegand
Dateien
Name:edissertation_edelhoff.pdf
Size:7.50Mb
Format:PDF
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Human-caused restrictions like the fragmentation of the landscape poses a major challenge to wildlife conservation. Large and mobile species such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) are subject to increasing effects of isolation and a decrease of primary habitats. This can result in a reduction of the exchange of individuals or even a long-term loss of gene flow. In order to counteract these negative effects and to promote genetic exchange, suitable approaches for estimating functional connectivity of the landscape are necessary. In most cases, landscape models of functional connectivity for a given study species are based on expert knowledge, habitat suitability, or movement data. However, there is an ongoing debate whether these methods are representative of actual dispersal or effective gene flow. Landscape genetic analyses correlate estimates of genetic differentiation between populations or individuals with landscape composition. The advantage of genetic data is that it reflects both successful dispersal between populations, as well as subsequent reproduction with other individuals. Therefore, landscape genetics represent an innovative approach for assessing functional connectivity of the landscape matrix. The aim of this dissertation is to compare different species-specific models of functional connectivity utilizing genetic and movement data. Using red deer in Northern Germany as an example, the methodological and conceptual differences of multiple approaches are demonstrated. Overall, the presented thesis provides important insights for applied conservation of wildlife and planning of corridors. The first chapter provides a general introduction to the issue of landscape fragmentation and illustrates the effects on red deer in the study area of Schleswig-Holstein. Furthermore, the potential applications of landscape genetics and movement ecology to assess landscape connectivity are presented. For example, movement ecology provides an integral framework to explore the potential factors shaping the movements of organisms and the ecological consequences of these movements such as gene flow. The second chapter comprises a study on the genetic diversity and structure of red deer populations in Northern Germany. The results indicate that local populations are best described as an hierarchical network of subpopulations with different levels of gene flow. Overall, genetic diversity of red deer from the study area is quite low compared to other populations from Central Europe. This underlines that a better understanding of the isolation effects caused by landscape fragmentation and species-specific assessment of landscape connectivity for red deer are needed to address the observed loss of genetic diversity. One possible approach for estimating functional connectivity is by linking telemetry data with landscape variables in order to gain insights into the habitat requirements of a target species. However, habitat preferences are very likely to change with different movement behaviors. This represents an important point to consider when studying the effects of landscape composition on actual dispersal movements. The third chapter of this thesis presents an extensive overview on different methods for identifying behavioral patterns from movement data. Furthermore, it provides guidelines for deciding among the available methods of path-segmentation and shows how they can be applied to answer research questions within the movement ecology paradigm. The study described in the fourth chapter utilizes such a path-segmentation method to detect potential dispersal movements from telemetry data of multiple red deer individuals. The observed movements are then linked to landscape variables in order to model functional connectivity based on landscape resistance towards dispersal of red deer throughout the study area. In addition, the study applies and compares different methodological approaches for modeling functional connectivity based on expert knowledge, habitat models and other analyses of movement data. A landscape genetic approach is used as a means to compare the resulting resistance models. Effective distances derived from the models are compared with estimates on genetic distance. The highest ranked models are further used to illustrate methodological differences in the designation of conservation corridors. The results show that for large scale dispersal red deer rely on primary habitat conditions within the landscape matrix. However, connectivity based on the identified dispersal movements showed that areas of poor habitat quality can be traversed by red deer at shorter distances. Finally, in the fifth chapter, the results of the presented studies are summarized and discussed. In particular, the contribution of landscape genetics and movement ecology to applied conservation and landscape planning are elaborated. The results of this thesis could ultimately increase the effectiveness of conservation measures such as the placement of corridors.
Keywords: landscape genetics; movement ecology; red deer; fragmentation; landscape connectivity; wildlife management