Nitrate uptake, root exudation, and litter quality - crop plant effects on denitrification and its product stoichiometry
by Pauline Sophie Rummel
Date of Examination:2020-07-13
Date of issue:2021-06-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Klaus Dittert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Klaus Dittert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Johanna Pausch
Referee:Prof. PhD Søren O. Petersen
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Abstract
English
Agricultural soils are the largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) – a potent greenhouse gas that is primarily originating from the microbial processes denitrification and nitrification. While denitrification mainly occurs when O2 partial pressure (pO2) is low, nitrification is a strictly aerobic process. The presence of plants strongly alters both N cycling processes in soils by affecting C and N availability for microorganisms. Growing plants take up N from the soil competing with microorganisms for available N. At the same time, plant roots exude organic C compounds increasing Corg availability in rooted soils, thus controlling the main substrates for denitrification. The first chapter of this thesis investigated the effect of NO3- uptake and Corg exudation on total and denitrification-derived N2O emissions. Healthy growing plants decreased soil moisture and NO3- content which restricted N2O emissions. In contrast, high denitrification-derived N2O+N2 emissions were measured from poorly growing plants with lower water and NO3 - uptake. As NO3- was the limiting substrate for denitrifiers, Corg availability did not affect N2O+N2 emissions. After harvest, plant litter is incorporated into the soil increasing C availability for microorganisms. Depending on its chemical quality (C:N ratio, C compounds), litter may lead to increased NO3- availability from mineralization or to immobilization of N to decompose C compounds. In both studies presented, addition of plant litter increased N2O losses compared to the unamended control. In chapter 2, water-soluble C from litter together with NO3- from mineralization controlled both CO2 and N2O emissions. Increased microbial respiration reduced pO2 leading to the formation of plant litter associated hotspots for denitrification when both Corg and NO3- were available. In chapter 3, N2O+N2 emissions increased linearly with litter C input. Litter C:N ratio controlled mineralization and immobilization and the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio although NO3- was not limited. During the oxic incubation phase, most denitrification took place in anoxic hotsports where N2O was directly reduced to N2. When N was mineralized, nitrification contributed to NO and N2O formation with a subsequent shift towards fungal denitrification in litter-amended soil. Altogether, these studies showed that the presence of plants increased C availability for soil microorganisms, while N availability depended on plant N uptake and mineralization. However, only when both NO3- and Corg availability were high, high denitrification-derived N2O emissions were detected. Furthermore, the ratio of available C to available NO3- controlled the product ratio of denitrification N2O/(N2O+N2), and together with pO2 affected the share of nitrification, bacterial and fungal denitrification to N2O formation.
Keywords: Denitrification; Nitrogen cycling; Carbon cycling