Analysis of the role of Arabidopsis extra-large G protein 2 in cerk1-4-dependent cell death signalling
by Julia Anders née Frenzel
Date of Examination:2021-04-29
Date of issue:2021-06-24
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:PD Dr. Marcel Wiermer
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Abstract
English
Plants perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) via so called pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) at the plasma membrane, which activates an immune response. Heterotrimeric G proteins are intracellular signal transducers, which consist of a Gα subunit and a Gβγ-dimer. Heterotrimeric G proteins typically form a complex at the plasma membrane and are known to play roles in almost all aspects of plant life. In plants, receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like cytosolic kinases (RLCKs) were found to interact with heterotrimeric G proteins in a MAMP-responsive way, which activates cell death and defense against pathogens. Besides one classical Gα subunit, Arabidopsis has three extra-large G proteins (XLG1-3), of which XLG2/3 are involved in immunity. The Gβ subunit AGB1 and Gγ subunits AGG1/2 are also involved in defense signalling. Plants perceive fungal pathogens via the chitin-elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1). The cerk1-4 mutation is known to cause a phenotype with exaggerated cell death upon pathogen inoculation, early senescence, and higher resistance against biotrophic powdery mildews. Mutations that suppress the cerk1-4 cell death phenotype were identified via a suppressor screen, including two mutations within the XLG2 gene: xlg2-2 (knock-out) and xlg2-3 (E293K). This study focused on the analysis of the role of XLG2 in cerk1-4-dependent cell death signalling. Venus-labeled XLG2 variants were generated and analyzed in planta via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with focus on plasma membrane and nuclear localization. The functionality of XLG2 variants in cerk1-4 cell death signalling was analyzed using complementation studies. These studies revealed that the plasma membrane localization is important for functionality of XLG2 in cerk1-4 cell death signalling. The nuclear localization was found to be dispensable for this cell death promoting function of XLG2. Pathogen inoculation using Erysiphe cruciferarum (Ec) caused an increase in abundance of XLG2 and xlg2 variants. In unchallenged Arabidopsis plants, XLG2 localized mainly to the cell periphery (plasma membrane as well as cytosolic signal at the periphery), while in Ec infected pavement cells XLG2 also accumulated in the nucleus. Several XLG2 mutant variants were analyzed, which showed mainly nuclear localization and lost functionality in cerk1-4 cell death signalling. Further, these mainly nuclear localizing XLG2 variants showed a difference in the apparent molecular mass compared to wildtype XLG2 in Western Blots. The relevance of the XLG2 Gα activity for cerk1-4 cell death signalling and subcellular localization of XLG2 was analyzed. Two xlg2 varaints, one with impaired nucleotide binding (potentially nucleotide-free) and the other potentially GTPase-dead (likely constitutively bound to GTP), did not cause changes in the localization of XLG2 or functionality in cerk1-4 cell death signalling. In contrast to the canonical Gα subunit GPA1, XLGs have a plant-specific N-terminal elongation with a highly conserved cysteine-rich region. XLG2 cysteine-rich region mutant variants with cysteines exchanged for alanine (C-A), showed mainly nuclear localization, a lower apparent molecular mass in Western Blots, and lost functionality in cerk1-4 cell death signalling. Accordingly, the cysteine-rich region seems to be important for correct localization of XLG2 and functionality in this cell death signalling pathway. XLG2 is known to bind the AGB1-AGG1/2-dimer at the plasma membrane. In order to analyze the subcellular localization of XLG2 in the absence of the Gβγ-dimer, G protein mutant Arabidopsis were transiently transformed via particle bombardment for expression of Venus-XLG2. The Gβγ-dimer was found to have a weak effect on plasma membrane association of XLG2. In the absence of the Gβγ-dimer, Venus-XLG2 was found to accumulate less to the cell periphery and more inside the nucleus. At late Ec infection time-points, XLG2 was found to associate with haustoria, which are fungal feeding structures formed during compatible plant-microbe interactions. Different XLG2 variants with changed localization were included in the analysis of this co-localization. XLG2 variants with wildtype-like or without a nuclear XLG2 pool co-localized with the haustorial periphery, while for mainly nuclear localizing xlg2 variants significantly less labeled Ec haustoria were observed. Propidium iodide staining and bright field images revealed that XLG2 accumulates in the plant-derived encasement, which typically surrounds fully developed haustoria.
Keywords: plant microbe interactions; powdery mildew; Extra large G protein 2; cerk1-4; Arabidopsis thaliana; Erysiphe cruciferarum; Confocal laser scanning microscopy