Children’s Subjective Understanding of Conative Mental States
by Britta Dorothea Schünemann
Date of Examination:2021-06-07
Date of issue:2021-06-25
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Hannes Rakoczy
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hannes Rakoczy
Referee:Dr. Annie Wertz
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Abstract
English
In our everyday lives, one substantial factor is to make sense of other agents’ actions. We describe and explain these actions by referring to the agents’ cognitive states, such as knowledge and beliefs, and their conative states, such as their desires and intentions (Davidson, 1963). The ability to ascribe these mental states to other agents is referred to as theory of mind (Premack & Woodruff, 1978). Mental states represent reality from the agent’s perspective. Accordingly, one fundamental property of cognitive and conative states is that they are subjective. To correctly ascribe these states to an agent, the ascriber has to relativize to the agent’s subjective standpoint. From an ontogenetic perspective, a central question is when and how children develop a subjective conception of other agents’ mental states. For cognitive states, there is extensive empirical work which has provided the basis for differentiated and detailed theoretical work (for an overview, see Rakoczy, 2017a). In contrast, much less work exists on the development of children’s subjective understanding of conative states. One reason for this might be that, compared to cognitive states, testing for a subjective conception of conative states is less straightforward. This dissertation presents ways to test for a subjective conception of desires and intentions. It is based on two projects in which these approaches were implemented. The first project tested for children’s subjective understanding of desires. One way in which desires are subjective is that they can be incompatible with norms and values (e.g., the desire to destroy something). Such desires are strongly subjective because, objectively, their outcome is undesirable. I compared 2- to 4-year-olds’ capacity to reason about such subjective wicked desires to their capacity to reason about objectively reasonable neutral desires and subjective (false) beliefs. Younger children were better in reasoning about subjective desires than about subjective beliefs. Also, they did not face more difficulties to reason about subjective desires than about neutral desires. This suggests that children develop a subjective understanding of desires before they develop a subjective understanding of beliefs. The second project of this dissertation addressed children’s subjective understanding of intentions in two studies. One way in which intentions are subjective is that they are aspectual (Searle, 1983): Actions are unintentional under descriptions or aspects the agent does not represent. In the first study, children observed an agent who falsely believed that a box contained only a ball but not a pen. Thus, when the agent took this box, her action was intentional under the description “take the ball” but unintentional under the description “take the pen”. However, children younger than six falsely claimed that she intentionally took the pen. The second study addressed whether younger children’s difficulties to consider the aspectuality of intentions might have reflected performance limitations rather than competence limitations. Possibly, even younger children would have been able to consider the agent’s subjective perspective but simply failed to recognize that this was necessary to solve this task. For this reason, the second study transferred the task into a morally relevant context that emphasized the necessity to relativize to the agent’s standpoint. In this task version, the agent unintentionally performed actions that were harmful towards another agent. In this relevant context, children already appreciated the aspectuality of the agent’s intentions by the age of five. This suggests that a subjective understanding of intentions develops around one year later than a subjective understanding of beliefs. The findings of this dissertation contribute to a comprehensive understanding of how theory of mind develops ontogenetically. They support a developmental trajectory in which the development of a subjective conception follows different courses for different mental states. In combination with existing evidence, this dissertation suggests that children first develop a subjective conception of desires before developing a subjective conception of beliefs. Only after these have developed, do children develop a subjective conception of intentions.
Keywords: Theory of Mind; Intentions; Desires; Aspectuality